GeometricDimensioning andTolerancingfor MechanicalDesign Gene R. Cogorno McGraw-Hill NewYork Chicago SanFrancisco Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan NewDelhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Professional Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. GeometricDimensioning andTolerancingfor MechanicalDesign This page intentionally left blank Copyright © 2006 by Gene R. Cogorno. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or ditributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-149182-1 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-146070-5. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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DOI: 10.1036/0071460705 For more information about this title, click here Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter1. IntroductiontoGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing 1 ChapterObjectives 2 WhatIsGD&T? 2 WhenShouldGD&TBeUsed? 3 AdvantagesofGD&ToverCoordinateDimensioningandTolerancing 3 Summary 8 ChapterReview 8 Chapter2. DimensioningandTolerancingFundamentals 9 ChapterObjectives 9 FundamentalDrawingRules 9 UnitsofLinearMeasurement 10 UnitsofAngularMeasurement 11 TypesofDimensions 11 SpecifyingLinearTolerances 12 SpecifyingAngularTolerances 13 InterpretingDimensionalLimits 14 DimensioningandTolerancingforCAD/CAMDatabaseModels 14 Summary 15 ChapterReview 15 Chapter3. Symbols,Terms,andRules 17 ChapterObjectives 17 Symbols 17 Terms 30 Rules 33 Summary 38 ChapterReview 39 Problems 44 v vi Contents Chapter4. Datums 47 ChapterObjectives 47 Definition 48 ImmobilizationofaPart 48 ApplicationofDatums 49 DatumFeatureSelection 51 DatumFeatureIdentification 51 InclinedDatumFeatures 52 CylindricalDatumFeatures 52 EstablishingDatums 53 MultipleDatumFeatures 57 APartialSurfaceasaDatumFeature 58 DatumTargets 59 Summary 62 ChapterReview 63 Problems 66 Chapter5. Form 69 ChapterObjectives 69 Flatness 69 Straightness 72 Circularity 76 Cylindricity 78 Free-StateVariation 78 Summary 80 ChapterReview 80 Problems 84 Chapter6. Orientation 87 ChapterObjectives 87 Parallelism 88 Perpendicularity 90 Angularity 93 Summary 97 ChapterReview 97 Problems 100 Chapter7. Position,General 103 ChapterObjectives 103 Definition 103 SpecifyingthePositionTolerance 104 RegardlessofFeatureSize 106 MaximumMaterialCondition 107 ShiftTolerance 109 LeastMaterialCondition 112 BoundaryConditions 113 Contents vii ZeroPositionalToleranceatMMC 115 Summary 118 ChapterReview 119 Problems 121 Chapter8. Position,Location 125 ChapterObjectives 125 FloatingFasteners 126 FixedFasteners 128 ProjectedToleranceZones 130 MultiplePatternsofFeatures 132 CompositePositionalTolerancing 135 TwoSingle-SegmentFeatureControlFrames 138 NonparallelHoles 139 CounterboredHoles 139 NoncircularFeaturesatMMC 141 SymmetricalFeaturesatMMC 142 Summary 146 ChapterReview 147 Problems 149 Chapter9. Position,Coaxiality 157 ChapterObjectives 157 Definition 157 ComparisonBetweenPosition,Runout,andConcentricity 159 SpecifyingCoaxialityatMMC 159 CompositePositionalControlofCoaxialFeatures 160 TolerancingaPlugandSocket 162 Summary 162 ChapterReview 163 Problems 164 Chapter10. ConcentricityandSymmetry 167 ChapterObjectives 167 Concentricity 167 Symmetry 170 Summary 172 ChapterReview 173 Problems 175 Chapter11. Runout 177 ChapterObjectives 177 Definition 177 CircularRunout 177 TotalRunout 178 SpecifyingRunoutandPartialRunout 179 MultipleDatumFeatures 179 viii Contents FaceandDiameterDatums 179 GeometricControlstoRefineDatumFeatures 181 SurfaceRelationshipsBetweenFeatures 181 InspectingRunout 182 Summary 183 ChapterReview 184 Problems 185 Chapter12. Profile 187 ChapterObjectives 187 Definition 187 SpecifyingProfile 188 TheApplicationofDatums 190 ARadiusRefinementwithProfile 190 CombingProfileToleranceswithOtherGeometricControls 191 Coplanarity 192 ProfileofaConicalFeature 194 CompositeProfile 195 Summary 199 ChapterReview 200 Problems 202 Chapter13. GraphicAnalysis 207 ChapterObjectives 207 AdvantagesofGraphicAnalysis 207 TheAccuracyofGraphicAnalysis 208 AnalysisofaCompositeGeometricTolerance 209 AnalysisofaPatternofFeaturesControlledtoaDatumFeatureofSize 213 Summary 217 ChapterReview 218 Problems 220 Chapter14. AStrategyforTolerancingParts 225 ChapterObjectives 225 SizeFeaturesLocatedtoPlaneSurfaceFeatures 225 SizeFeaturesLocatedtoSizeFeatures 231 APatternofFeaturesLocatedtoaSecondPatternofFeatures 236 Summary 240 ChapterReview 241 Problems 244 Appendix 247 Index 253