KIRTLANDIA The Cleveland Museum of Natural History December 2007 Number 56:53-64 GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LEMUDONG O FORMATION, KENYA RIFT VALLEY STANLEY H. AMBROSE Department of Anthropology University ofIllinois, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801-3636 CHRISTOPHER M. NYAMAI, ELIUD M. MATHU Department of Geology University ofNairobi, P.O. Box 30197-0100 Nairobi, Kenya AND MARTIN A. J. WILLIAMS Department of Geographical & Environmental Studies Adelaide University Adelaide SA 5005, Australia ABSTRACT The Lemudong’o Formation is defined here as part of a late Miocene to Late Pleistocene sequence of stratified lavas, air-fall and waterlain tuffs, lacustrine, alluvial, and fluvial sediments, and paleosols, that crop out over an approximately 25 X 50 km area on the western margin ofthe southern Kenyan Rift Valley, approximately 100 km west of Nairobi. The study area is deeply incised by three major permanent river systems that expose sediments of three late Neogene lake basins. The Lemudong’o Formation comprises deposits of the second paleolake basin, which formed during the late Miocene. Stratigraphic sections in several localities are described and correlated in this report, the Lemudong’o Formation is defined, and a basin sedimentary history and environmental reconstruction is proposed. The Lemudong’o Formation has three main phases of sedimentation with a total thickness of 135 m. Phase 1 is represented by predominantly lacustrine and lake-margin siltstones, mudstones, and sandstones. Phase 2 comprises paleosols in the basin center, and fluvial and alluvial sediments on theeastern basin margin. Phase 3 comprises mainly waterlain tuffs and silts, capped by a welded tuff. Phase 2 may reflect a more arid climate, or a lower basin-overflow elevation. Four tuffs in upper phase-1 mudstones in Lemudong’o Gorge are dated to 6.12-6.08 Ma. The main fossil-bearing horizons at Lemudong’o Gorge Locality 1 lie between, and immediately above, the dated tuffs. Fossils are associated with beach and/or deltaic sands and fine gravels, and silty and sandy claystones representative of an intermittently flooded lake margin. Introduction fluviolacustrine sediments and paleosols oflate Miocene to Late The Lemudong’o Formation is located in the South Narok Pleistocene age. District of Kenya, approximately 30 km south of Narok town The geology ofthis region was first described and mapped by J. and 100 km west of Nairobi (Figure 1). The regional geological B.Wright (1967) for the Geological Survey of Kenya. He sequence isexposed over an approximately 25 X 50 km area west reconstructed a stratified sequence of three major ancient lake- ofthe western margin ofthe southern Kenyan Rift Valley in the basins and two smaller isolated lake basins that he thought were confluences and lower reaches of the Uaso Ngiro, Ntuka, and formed during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene. The major Seyabei river valleys and their seasonal tributaries. The outcrops objective ofthis report is to describe the stratigraphic sequence of are characterized by thick sequences of stratified lavas, air-fall Wright’s second paleolake. In this study we refer to deposits of and waterlain tuffs, ignimbrites (welded tuffs), and alluvial. this lake as the Lemudong’o Formation, after Lemudong’o 54 AMBROSE AND OTHERS No. 56 Major rift fault, tick on downthrown side Inferred fault Approximate boundary of Kenya dome Central volcano GEOLOGY OF LEMUDONG’O 2007 55 Gorge, the location ofa major fossil site. Masai place names are phelinite lavas (Crossley, 1979). By 6.9 Ma more silicic lavas such used for all localities. We will briefly summarize previous as trachytes flooded the rift floor and overflowed onto its flanks. geological research and regional and local geology, describe the During the past 2 Ma volcanism has largely been confined to the key stratigraphic sections, define the Lemudong’o Formation, rift floor, including a chain ofsilicic caldera volcanoes including and present a provisional reconstruction of its sedimentary Suswa and Longonot (Figure IB) (Baker et al., 1972; Williams, history. 1972; Baker, 1986; Macdonald et al., 1994). Wright (1967) conducted detailed geological work in the area covered bylatitude 1° 00' S to 1° 30' S and longitude 35° 30' E to Local geology 36° 00' E. Crossley (1979) described the stratigraphy, structure The Lemudong’o Formation lies —40 km east of the western andgeochronology ofthe western margin ofthe rift from 1° 30' S margin of the rift, and 15-20 km west of the N/S-trending late to 2° 0' S. Waibel and McDonough (1977) conducted a brief Precambrian Basement System metamorphic rocks of the Loita survey of archaeological and paleontological sites in the Ntuka Hills. Stratigraphic sections described in this report are located in River valley for the University of Massachusetts archaeological the middle of the eastern margin of the area studied by Wright researchproject in 1976. Archeological surveysandexcavations in (1967) from 1° 15' S to 1° 20' S, and 35° 55' E to 36° 0' E the study area by the University of Illinois team (Kyule et al., (Figure 1C, Figure 2). The geologyhereisdominatedbyNeogene 1997; Ambrose et al., 2000, 2003; Hlusko et al., 2002) have volcanicsandsedimentsoftherift system, with afewexposuresof identified over 100 new archeological sites and several paleonto- the underlying metamorphic rocks of the Neoproterozoic logical occurrences since 1994. University of Illinois team Mozambique Belt (Figure 3). Photographs of the type-section members made numerous brief visits to Lemudong'o from 1994 areas ofEnamankeon and Lemudong’o Locality 1 are shown in to 2006. Leslea Hlusko directed intensive paleontological work at Figures 4 and 5. Lemudong’o Locality 1 and other sites from 2001 to 2004 Basal Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt metamorphic rocks (Ambrose, Kyule, and Hlusko, 2007). Deino and Ambrose comprising gneisses, schists and quartzites, are exposed at an collected tuffs for dating at Lemudong’o 1 and 2 in 2001. isolatedinselbergnamedOlDoinyo Oborosoit(hill ofwhiterock) Williams measured and described stratigraphic section at Ol on the south side ofthe Ewaso Ngiro River near Kasiolei; a small Doinyo Siloma and Lemudong’o in 2001 and 2003, and Ambrose quartzite outlier extends north of the Ewaso Ngiro River below and Williams described two excavated stratigraphic sections of Emowuo Enkijape. The overlying beds comprise Neogene the lower fossil-bearing horizons at Lemudong’o 1. Ambrose, volcanics and sediments. Earlier Neogene volcanic rocks include Mathu and Nyamai measured sections at Lemudong’o Gorge, melanephelinite and olivine melanephelinite lavas, phonolites, Enamankeon and Kasiolei, andcollected samples forpetrograph- basalts, alkali basalts, and trachytic ignimbrites and trachytes ic and geochemical analyses during three brief field seasons in (Wright, 1967). Later Neogene beds include mudstones, siltstones 2004-05. and sandstones, tuffs, and sediments that are in part lacustrine, welded tuffs, trachyte lavas, paleosols (fossil soils), boulder beds, and Uaso Ngiro pebble beds (Figure 3). Geological Setting The folded metamorphic rocks of Ol Doinyo Oborosoit are Regional geology resistant to erosion and would have formed an area ofhigh relief The Lemudong’o Formation lies on the western shoulder ofthe during deposition ofthe Lemudong'o Formation. The Enkorika Gregory Rift Valley in southern Kenya. The southern section of and Naitiami faults (Figure 1C) are oriented NNW-SSE and are theriftissuperimposed on an uplifted region known asthe Kenya downthrown to the east. The Oletugathi Ridge parallels these Dome (Figure 1A). Prior to the upwarping of the Dome, the faults on the east side of the Ewaso Ngiro River. The Siyabei region was a peneplaned surface of Precambrian rocks (Mathu River valley defines the east side ofthis ridge. Faulting controls and Davies, 1996, p. 522). During theearly Miocene, before 15 to drainage patterns in this region, particularly the trends of some 12 Ma, the margins ofthe future rift began to warp downwards. sections ofthe Uaso Ngiro and Ntuka rivers and their tributaries. Faulting ofthe western margin ofthe rift, forming a half-graben, Beds of the Lemudong’o Formation are generally horizontal in commenced during the late Miocene prior to 6.9 Ma (Crossley, thecenterand west side oftheir distribution area, with occasional 1979). The focus offaulting gradually shifted east towards the rift tilting near minor faults. However, the elevation ofthe top ofthe axis, and recent faulting has been concentrated within an axial Lemudong'o Formation decreases by —70 m between Kasiolei zone less than 10-km wide (King, 1978; Shackleton, 1978; Birt et and Lemudong’o, suggesting downwarping, undetected faults al., 1997). and/or subsidence to the east, toward the modern rift valley. The Volcanism on the west side ofthe nascent southern Kenya rift Enkorika fault forms a pronounced, deep, straight gully exposing began around 15 to 12 Ma with eruption of extensive melane- the main sedimentary sequence at Lemudong’o Gorge. At Figure 1. Location ofLemudong’oin relationtomajorstructural featuresofthe Kenya(Gregory) Rift Valley. A, locationofthe Kenya Dome and the Gregory Rift Valley, adapted from fig. 7 in Mathu and Davies (1996). The shaded trapezoidal area in map A shows the location ofmap B. B, major faults and volcanic centers in the southern Gregory Rift Valley, adapted from fig. 5 in Baker (1986). The shaded rectangle in map B indicates the area ofthe map C, which shows the location ofsections in relation to major geological and geographic features. Key to map C: LI, Lemudong’o Locality 1; L2, Lemudong’o Locality 2; K01/1, Lemudong’o 1-S step trench 1; K03/6, Ol Doinyo Siloma section; ENK, Enamankeon; KS, Kasiolei; OB, Ol Doinyo Oborosoit; ENT, Entapot; EE, Emowuo Enkijape. AMBROSE AND OTHERS 56 No. 56 Figure 2. Map of locations of Lemudong’o, Enamankeon, Siloma, Kasiolei and other major localities in relation to the major topographic features ofthe research area. The inset map of Kenya is adapted from fig. 7 in Mathu and Davies (1996). Lemudong’o Locality 1, a minor fault oblique to the Enkorika laboratory petrography andchemical composition. Traceelement fault separates the north (Lenuidong'o 1-N) and south (1-S) and petrographic analyses are intended to be reported elsewhere sedimentary sections. by Nyamai and Mathu. Materials and Methods Stratigraphy Ligure 2 shows the locations ofmajor sections described in this The lowest Neogene lithostratigraphic units that unconform- report. The Uaso Ngiro River separates the Lemudong’o, ably overlie the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks are largely Enamankeon, Emowuo Enkijape, and Entapot sections to the melanephelinite lavas (Table 1). Wright (1967, p. 25-31) consid- east from Kasiolei and 01 Doinyo Siloma on the west, ered the overlying pyroclastics to be mainly “ashes and tuffs, in respectively; Kasiolei lies on the south side and Siloma on the part waterlain” that were subaerially deposited in three Pleisto- north side of lower Ntuka River valley near the confluence with cene lake basins. Radiometric dates of ~6 Ma (Ambrose et al., the Ewaso Ngiro River (Figure 2). Similar sequences are exposed 2003; Deino and Ambrose, 2007) show that the age ofthe second at several outcrops up to 10 km west and northwest of lake is late Miocene, so the time range ofthese three lake basins is Lemudong’o at Enamankeon 2, Emowuo Enkijape, Entapot, likely to be late Miocene to Pliocene. Beds of the oldest lake, Kasiolei, and Noompopong. mapped by Wright (1967, p. 28) as the “2nd (lower level) Uaso Sections were measured using a GPS, Jacob’s staff, and Ngiro lake,” lie mainly south of 1°20' S. Wright’s (1967, p. 31) clinometer. Lithostratigraphic units are formally defined and second-oldest lake basin, which he called the “1st Uaso Ngiro named using the conventions ofthe North American Stratigraph- lake,” lies mainly north of 1°20' S. We designate the beds ofthis ic Code (NACSN, 1994) and the InternationalStratigraphic Guide lake as the Lemudong’o Formation. The youngest lake, mapped (Salvador, 1994). by Wright as the “Seyabei lake,” lies mainly north of 1°15' S, but A total of 70 samples from three sections were collected for it caps outcrops ofthe Lemudong’o Formation on the Oletugathi major and trace element analyses by atomic absorption spectro- ridge on the east side of the Ewaso Ngiro valley, including photometry (AAS) at the Kenya Geological Survey, Nairobi. sections at Lemudong’o. The highest outcrops ofthe Seyabei lake Petrographicstudiesofrock sample thin sectionswith transmitted reach an elevation of 1794 m at Entapot. Wright (1967) polarizing microscopy were performed at the University of reconstructed theminimum extent ofthe Lemudong’o Formation Nairobi. Correlations of beds between stratigraphic sections are lake as 16 km from north to south and 8 km from east to west. based on stratigraphic relationships, lithology, and field and The south shore of this lake is partly defined by Ol Doinyo GEOLOGY OF LEMUDONGO 2007 57 LEGEND QUATERNARYANDNEOGENE UasoNgiropebblebeds { 1 | | |*.**1 Boulderbeds . Volcanicsoilsderived •'.i' J| fromtephra Ashes, inpartwaterlain | | mmu t^s xxxxx| TrachyticIgmmbrite |~-7-7j Basalts&alkalibasalts Phonolites Melanephelinite&olivine melanephelinitelavas NEOPROTEROZOIC Quartzites H Biotite-garnetschists Biotite-gneisses \ Fault Geologicalboundanes Dipoffoliation Lineation,withplunge * Stratigraphic section Figure 3. Geological map of Narok area (map modified after Wright, 1967), showing the locations of stratigraphic sections at Lemudong’o, Enamankeon, Kasiolei and Siloma. Oborosoit andthewest shoreisboundedbycontactwith avariety below (Figure 6). The Siloma sequence closely resembles that in oflavas and sediments. The eastern and northern margins ofthe theupperhalfofthe Kasioleiand EnamankeonWest sectionsand basin are poorly exposed and remain poorly defined. does not warrant separate description. Sections and locations studied in this report will be described from west to east. Bed boundaries are conformable unless noted Kasiolei as unconformable. Elevations are taken from GPS readings. Kasiolei is located at 1°19'35" S, 35°55'58" E; the elevation of Figure 6 shows the stratigraphic sections of Kasiolei, Enaman- the top ofthe section is 1721 m. The measured section lies south keon West, Siloma, Lemudong’o 2, and Lemudong’o 1-S. The ofthe Ntuka River west ofOl Doinyo Oborosoit. Metamorphic view from the top of the section at Kasiolei looking northeast rocks lie unconformably beneath > 30 m of lavas and tuffs, toward Siloma and Enamankeon (Figure 4) shows that upper comprising phonolite, basalt, and gray ignimbrite (welded tuffs) beds of the Lemudong’o Formation can be visually traced with abundant clasts (< 3 cm) of fiamme (glassy, compacted between sections, and are not deformed, tilted or faulted in this pumice). Sandy conglomerates unconformably overlie the gray part of the paleobasin. The Lemudong’o Gorge sections ignimbrite, followed by brown, clayey mudstones with thin bands (Figure 5) are not in direct line of sight of the Enamankeon of interstratified sands, gravels, calcretes, and tuffs (~21 m). outcrops, and correlated strata lie at lower elevations, but the Gray, poorly consolidated coarse-grained cindery laminated tuff major tuffs in the middle and upper part of the Lemudong’o (~3 m), with red/purple laminations in the middle, lies beneath sections are traceable in outcrops throughout the paleobasin another series of brown mudstones with calcrete horizons and (Figures 3 and 6). A fault with substantial displacement occurs poorly consolidated gray tuff(~16 m). Yellow-brown laminated between Lemudong’o 1-S and 1-N sections, and distinctive and banded silts (~7 m) overlie the mudstones, followed by marker beds of the Lemudong’o Formation are absent from a pale-yellow tuff with devitrified pumice inclusions to > 1 cm Lemudong’o 1-N. Lemudong’o 1-N lies closer to the rift axis and (~8 m). Gray ignimbrite (~1 1 nr) caps the section. thus may be downfaulted rather than uplifted, and may correlate Outcrops at Noompopong, upstream on the Ntuka River, with the younger beds ofWright’s (1967) Seyabei lake. ~2 kmwest ofKasiolei, haveacloselysimilarsequence, including Representative sections of the central and western side of the the basal gray ignimbrite, mudstones, graycindery laminated tuff paleolake basin at Kasiolei and Enamankeon West are described with red/purple laminations within the mudstone beds, and the 58 AMBROSE AND OTHERS No. 56 Figure4. Photographoftheareaaround Enamankeon hill,aflat-toppederosionalremnantexposingsectionsofstratifiedwaterlainand terrestrial sedimentsand tuffs. Theviewistowardthenortheastfrom Kasiolei, withOl Doinyo Siloma on theleft, Entapotontheright, and Oletugathi Ridgeinthe background. Thecliffsin theforeground, whichrise abovethedeeplyincisedNtuka River(left)andEwaso Ngiro River(right), areexposures ofthe basal gray ignimbrite that unconformably underlie the Lemudong'o Formation in the western halfofthepaleobasin. Enamankeonandsurroundingoutcropsareconformablycapped bythe uppergrayignimbrite, whichdefinesthe upper boundary ofthe Lemudong’o Formation. Sediments ofWright’s (1967) Seyabei lake lie above the upper gray ignimbrite below the horizon on Oletugathi Ridge. The horizontal scarp near the base ofEnamankeon is the gray cindery tuff. The light yellow-brown rocksexposedon steepslopesnearthetopofthesectionarelaminatedlacustrine-siltstonesandtheverticalwallaboveistheyellowtuff. pale-yellow tuff and gray ignimbrite at the top of the section at be tufas (total thickness from 1st to 3rd calcrete —20 m). Similar —1712 m. clayey and sandy mudstones (—32 m) overlie the upper calcrete. Mammal fossils occurfrom beneath and within the uppercalcrete Enamankeon to near the top of the mudstones. A thin layer ofyellow to red- Enamankeon is an isolated, flat-topped, conical hill forming an brown massive siltstone (—0.25 m) overlies a weakly developed brown paleosol with carbonate rootcasts and spherical carbonate erosional remnant ofhorizontally bedded sedimentary rocks and tuffsin thecenteroftheEwaso Ngiro Rivervalleyeast ofEntapot nodules up to 10 cm in diameter (—0.4 m). Poorly consolidated dark brownish-gray massive cindery tuff (—2.2 m), with black (noFritghu,rea4)n.d Fwoesssitl-sbiedaersingofsetdheimebnatsse aorfe tehxepohsielld. oTnhethleonegaesstt, pnoudmuilceescaltasttsheupbasteo,1o.v5erclmiesantdhislasrigletsbtloancek,ansdpheprailceaolsocl.arAbontahtien stratigraphic sequence in the Lemudong’o Formation is exposed layer of coarse tuff grit (5-7 cm) within this tuff marks the on the west side of Enamankeon, so it is designated as the type transition to —5m of dark-gray coarsely laminated waterlain section (stratotype). cindery tuff. Brown, massive well-sorted silts overlie this tuff, and grade upward to a series of superimposed reddish-brown to Enamankeon West yellowish-brown sandy and siltyloampaleosolswith sub-rounded Enamankeon West is at 1°18'33" S, 35°56'40" E. The elevation blocky- to columnar-blocky structure and occasional mammal astequtheencetobpegoifnstahtetsheectriiovenribsan1k71a4tma.n eTlheevatEionnamoafn1k5e8o9nmWweistth fsoosmsiels p(a—le1o1smo)l. hCoarribzoonnsa.teMnaosdsuilvees, >gr5aycimshinsidlitasmtoenteercoacpcsurthien a dark grayignimbritewithwidelyspacedjoints(> 7 m), overlain paleosol bed. The siltstone is overlain by poorly consolidated by phonolite (—7.5 m), and massive gray ignimbrite (—40 m) gray tuff (—1.2 m). Light-gray to light-brown massive sandy whose upper surface is incised into a deep E-W orientated tuffaceous to blocky clayey rhythmically banded silts (—3.5 m) channel, with up to 35 m of vertical relief. Within this channel, follow, overlain by gray clayey columnar-laminated silts (2.5 m). micritic white carbonate (0.7 m) capped by 40 cm of arkosic Yellow tuff (—7 m), laminated near the base, becoming massive carbonate-cemented coarse sand (0.4 m) unconformably overlies with devitrified green and yellow pumice, overlies the lacustrine the ignimbrite, followed by brown-gray clayey mudstones with silts. The top of the sequence comprises massive, poorly welded interstratified lenses of cemented sandstones and poorly-sorted gray ignimbrite (—3 m) that grades into more consolidated gray subrounded gravel conglomerates and two calcrete beds that may ignimbrite (—5 m). GEOLOGY OF LEMUDONG’O 2007 59 Figure 5. Photograph of Lemudong’o Gorge Locality 1, showing the positions ofthe 2001 and 2004 step trenches (Tl, T2), yellow, laminatedlacustrine siltstones(1), fossil-bearingcoarsegravellysandstone(2) andfiner-grainedfossil-bearingclayeymudstones(3), the greentuff(4, behindtree), thespeckled tuff(5), siltyto sandymudstones(6), undescribed graysediments(7), brown-graymudstones(8) and poorly sorted sandstones (9). Enamankeon East defined by an unconformable contact with weathered basalt at an Enamankeon East, a gullyon theeast side ofEnamankeon, has elevation of —1569 m at 1°18'38" S, 35°48'53" E. Mudstones, apaleblue-graymassiveignimbritictuff> 1.7 mthickat the base lacustrine silts, fluvial sands and pale blue-gray laminated tuffs of the section (1°18'31.2" S, 35°56'53.4" E, elevation 1621 m). areexposed in several outcropsupstream alongthenarrow, steep- This tuff is overlain by mudstones (—30 m) with terrestrial sidedchannel ofthe lower Lemudong’o Gorge, where sectionsare vertebrate fossils. The mudstones are overlain by cindery tuff difficult to measure and GPS readings are inaccurate. Lacustrine (—7 m) and the overlyingstrata described in the west section. The silts also occur in the west gully of Lemudong’o 2 and 1-S. mudstones in the East section span approximately the same Lacustrine beds do not occur in the lower mudstones further west elevations as those above the third carbonate bed in the West at Kasiolei, Siloma and Enamankeon. section (1624-1656 m). The blue-gray tuffdoes not appear in the West section, but one or more lithologically dissimilar tuffs crop Lemudong’o Locality 2 out in an analogous position in most sections at the base of the Lemudong’o Locality2 isat 1°17'59" S, 35°59'38"E. The topof Oletugathi Ridge at Emowuo Enkijape and other outcrops the section is at —1634 m. The Lemudong’o 2 section is exposed between Enamankeon East and Lemudong’o 2. in a small channel on the west side ofthe gorge. The upper third of this section is partially obscured by trees and shrubs, which Lemudong’o Gorge reduced the accuracy of GPS elevation readings. The sequence Lemudong’o Gorge is a fault-controlled, deeply incised gully begins at 1577 m with clayey to sandy mudstones and sands (> systembounded on theeastbythe Enkorika Fault(Wright, 1967). 1 m) overlain by a pale blue-gray tuff, laminated at the base, The most productive late Miocene fossil site in the gorge is becoming massive and cindery upward (—1.6 m), overlain by Locality 1-S, which was initially given an archaeological site mudstones (—9 m), and a pale blue-gray coarsely laminated tuff designation GvJhl5 in the Standard African Site Enumeration (2.2 m) that dips 6° SSW. Poorly sorted gravelly silt, fining System. Locality 2 was originally designated GvJh32. The base of upward tocemented sandstone, siltstone, andclaystone —1.8 m), ( the sedimentary sequence in the lower Lemudong’o channel is capped by a thin (1-3 cm) platy carbonate, underlies the mottled AMBROSE AND OTHERS 60 No. 56 Table 1. Summary ofthe regional volcanic stratigraphy ofNarok (modified from Wright, 1967, p. 14). Lithostratigraphv Age 7. pyroclastics(tuffsand ashes) 6. olivinemelanephelinite plugs 5. AngataNaado trachytes ^ Pleistocene& Pliocene 4. ignimbrites(Plateautrachytes) 3. alkali basalts 2. phonolites Miocene 1. Kishalduga melanephelinites Mozambique-belt metamorphicrocks Neoproterozoic and cindery third pale-blue-gray tuff (0.6 m). Brown silty grades laterally to a pale-yellow speckled tuff (0.2 m), dated to claystone finingupward to green waxyclaystone(1.6 m) underlies 6.08 ± 0.019 Ma (Figure 5, 5). The speckled tuff contains the fourth blue-gray tuff(1.9 m), which is laminated at the base, a micromammal breccia and seeds of Celtis zenkeri. Brown- becoming massive upward. Brown clayey mudstone (—1.6 m) gray-green silty to sandymudstones continue for —4 m above the underlies a bright white fine-grained tuff (0.6 nr). Radiogenic- speckled tuff (Figure 5, 6). A light gray bed that has not been argon dates of 6.10 ± 0.03, 6.087 ± 0.013 and 6.12 ± 0.07 Ma sampled and described lies within the upper clayey mudstones were obtained for the third and fourth gray tuffs and the white (Figure 5, 7). The overlying brown-gray mudstones (Figure 5, 8) tuff, respectively (Ambrose et al., 2003; Deino and Ambrose, coarsen upward to gray clayey to silty poorly sorted sand- 2007). Waxy claystone (0.5 m) laminated siltstones (3.3 m), and stones (—12 m) (Figure 5, 9). Brown silicified tuffdirectly above clayeyto sandy to siltymudstones (—9.5 m) overlie thewhitetuff. the main fossil-bearing exposures grades laterally to a light- Dark-grey unconsolidated fine-grained laminated tuff (0.5 m) yellow-brown laminated to massive tuff (—4 m) with devitrified overlies the claystones. Pale-yellow to gray to green fine-grained pumice clasts < 2 cm. Gray ignimbrite (—4 m) overlies the tuff (—7 m) with large pale-yellow and green devitrified pumice yellow-brown tuff. Sandstones overlie the ignimbrite, indicating clasts (< 2 cm) lies above the gray ash. Gray ignimbrite (—4 m), an unconformity beneath the blue-gray trachyte at the top ofthe overlain by blue-gray trachyte lava (10.5 m) forms the top ofthe section. outcrop. Lemudong’o Formation Definition, Distribution and Lemudong’o Locality 1 South Sedimentary History Lemudong’o Locality 1 South is located at 1°18T" S, 35°58'44" The Lemudong’o Formation is named after exposures at E, 1648 m (Figure 4). The Lemudong’o 1-S section is exposed in Lemudong’o 1-S and 2, where the most productive fossil beds the upper gorge and in a WNW-trendingside gully that forms the are located, and where the tuffs ofthe higher levels ofthe lower southern boundary of the outcrops. Figure 5 shows the view to mudstone member have been radiometrically dated to 6 Ma the west across the main gorge toward the lower end ofthe west (Ambrose et al., 2003; Deino and Ambrose, 2007). The maximum gully, and the locations ofstep trenches T1 and T2, excavated in thickness of the volcanics and sediments in these stratigraphic 2001 and 2004. Numbers in Figure 5 refer to features described columns is about 135 m at Enamankeon West. We designate this below. Thicknesses of some beds vary widely across the section as the type locality and stratotype for the Lemudong’o exposures, and beds tilt —7° NNE in the 2004 step trench Formation because it is located near the center of the paleolake (Figure 5, T2). Dense bush and trees obscure the highest parts of basin. The pale blue-gray tuff beneath the mudstones in the the exposures. A fault crosses the north end of the main gorge, Enamankeon East section providesanuncertain link to thelower defining the boundary with Lemudong’o 1-N. Beds upstream levels of sections on the Oletugathi Ridge and Lemudong’o from thisfault comprisemainly sands, silts, andclayey sandswith Gorge. three pale brown, pale gray and pale green fine-grained tuffs that The Lemudong’o Formation is defined as the conformable do not correlate with those in Lemudong’o 1-S. They may be sequence of lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial sediments and tuffs downfaulted beds from Wright's (1967) youngest paleolake, and that lie beneath the gray ignimbrite and yellow tuff in sections will not be described in detail in this report. between Noompopong on the west, and Lemudong’o 1-S on the Brown clayey mudstones (> 1 m) form the base of the 1-S east (Figures 2, 3, and 6). The ignimbrite is the highest point on section. Light yellow to gray and pale brown sandy to clayey each outcrop in sections on the west side of this Formation, laminated siltstone(0.4to > 4 m) liesabove themudstones, and it including Noompopong, Kasiolei, Siloma and Enamankeon. A thickens substantially toward the west gully (Figure 5, 1). thick bed of trachyte lava overlies this ignimbrite in sections on Microscopic study of this silt by Frances Williams revealed no the east side of the paleobasin along the Oletugathi Ridge at diatoms. Gray-to-brown coarse sandy to well-sorted fine gravelly Entapot, Emowuo Enkijape, Lemudong’o 2, and Lemudong'o 1- mudstone (—0.8-2 m)with dark green mammal fossils, sometimes S. The trachyte lies unconformably above this ignimbrite at rolled (Figure 5, 2), fines upward to brown-gray sandy to clayey Lemudong’o 1-S. This unconformity defines the top of the siltstone (—3.6 m) with light-brown to pink well-preserved fossils Formation. The base ofthe Lemudong’o Formation at Kasiolei, and abundant round iron pisoliths (—5 mm) (Figure 5: 3). A lens Enamankeon and Siloma is defined by unconformable contact ofdark-green tuff(0.2 m) fills an indistinct small shallow channel with the top ofa sequence ofdark gray tuff, phonoliteand a dark in the lower sandy/gravelly claystones at the base ofthe outcrop gray ignimbrite that often containsfiamme. Weathered basalts lie (Figure 5, 4, behind tree). Pale-gray tuffaceous silt/fine sandstone unconformably beneath the basal Lemudong’o Formation r GEOLOGY OF LEMUDONG’O 2007 61 Lemudong’o 2 Lemudong’o 1-S m Kasiolei W Enamankeon Siloma m 50' nXTAXA A Ai" m Gl AV|tA^tAV„AVt|AV|tV,| YT 30- YT 40' 20- 30 GT2 TTfWr WT — , 10- ~t BGT4 20' GT1 BGT3 t—n KEY TO SYMBOLS 10-- o Conglomerate 30 ??S3i BGTx ” “ " 1 Tuff : , i- „y r bgti Sand 0X Grit rWm r r- t- ! GG'v Palaeosol 40 Siltstone A Av>„Av vAv, Ignimbrite a" a"V{ f-hhrl~r r Claystone Trachyte * * i Basalt yi Gneiss © Pumice O Carbonate nodule Fossils Figure 6. Stratigraphic sections ofthe sequences exposed at Siloma. Kasiolei, Enamankeon and Lemudong’o 2 and Lemudong’o 1-S, Narok area, southwest Kenya. Stratigraphic correlations between sections are indicated by abbreviations of tuffs: GI, upper gray ignimbrite; YT, yellow tuff; ST, speckled tuff; GrT, green tuff; GT, gray tuff; GT1, gray tuff 1; GT2, gray tuff2; BGTI-4, pale blue- gray tuffs 1-4; BGTx, pale blue-gray tuffofuncertain correlation. mudstones in most sections on the east and south side of the Lemudong’o channel six tuffs are interstratified with lacustrine Oletugathi ridge, including Entapot and the lower Lemudong’o siltstones and claystones and lake-margin mudstones. The lowest Gorge. four tuffs are lithologically similar light-blue-gray, fine-grained Three main sedimentary depositional phases are evident within laminated to massive tuffs. Outcrops on the west side of the the Lemudong’o Formation. The first phase comprises mud- Oletugathi Ridge at Entapot and Emowuo Enkijape contain stones, siltstones, sandstones, and fine-grained laminated to a laminated pale-blue-gray tuffthat maycorrelate with one ofthe massive tuffs, reflecting lake, lake margin, and small stream- four lithologicallysimilartuffsat Lemudong’o2. Correlationwith channel depositional environments. The second phase of de- the blue-gray ignimbritic tuffat Enamankeon East remains to be position includes predominantly alluvial, fluvial and subaerial demonstrated. The white tuff occurs only at Lenmdong’o 2. sandstones, siltstones and paleosols. The third phase is primarily Mudstones above the white tuff are overlain by lacustrine lacustrine siltstones, mudstones and tuffs, culminating in a thick siltstones up to 9-m thick in the lower Lemudong’o Gorge and lacustrine tuff(the yellow tuff) and the subaerial gray ignimbrite. > 4-m thick in the west gully at Lemudong’o 1-S. Lacustrine These phases are discussed in more detail below. siltstones do not occur in this stratigraphic position in sections The main widespread marker beds and distinctive beds with north and west of Lemudong’o Gorge. A dark-green dense tuff more restricted distributions within the Lemudong’o Formation lies within a small shallow channel in thecoarse sandy to gravelly are listed in stratigraphic order in Table 2. Within phase-! mudstones of the lowest fossil-bearing deposits above the deposits at Lemudong’o 1-S, Lemudong’o 2, and the Lower lacustrine siltstones at Lemudong’o 1-S. The speckled tuff is 1 62 AMBROSE AND OTHERS No. 56 Table 2. Presence/absence ofmajor (bold) and minor (regulartype) markerbeds, and theirdepositional modes in stratigraphic sections of the Lemudong’o Formation at LEM 1, LEM 2, Entapot, Enamankeon East and West, Kasiolei and Ol Doinyo Siloma. These correlations are also shown in Figure 6. Key: A, airfall or subaerial; F, fluvial; L, lava flow; M, lake-margin or shallow-water mudstones; U-, unconformity below; W, waterlain lacustrine; ?, uncertain correlation. Enamankeon Bed and depositional phase LEM 1 LEM 2 East West Kasiolei Siloma trachyte(U-) X X phase3 gray ignimbrite(A)GI X X X X X X yellow tuff(AAV) YT X X X X X X yellowsiltstone(W) 7 7 X X X X gray tuff(W/A) GT2 X X X X X X phase2 alluvium(A) X X paleosols(A) X X X X graycindery tuff(AAV)GT1 X X X X paleosol(A) X phase 1 mudstones (M) X X X X X X speckled tuff(A/M) ST X green tuff(F) GrT X finegravelsandsandstones X laminated siltstones(W) X X whitetuff(A/M)WT X blue-gray mottled tuff(A/M) BGT4 X ? blue-graycindery tuff(A/M) BGT3 X ? blue-gray laminatedtuff(M/W) BGT2 X 7 7 blue-gray laminated tuff(M/W) BGT1 X 7 7 mudstones (M, U-) X X X X major unconformity grayignimbritictuff(A) X X X basalt(L, U-) X phonolite(L) X graytuff(A) X majorunconformity Proterozoicmetamorphicrocks X discontinuously stratified within the upper fossiliferous mud- The earliest stages ofdeposition ofthe phase-1 mudstones first stones at Lemudong’o 1-S. The green and speckled tuffs are filled in the lowest points of the landscape. Upper phase- restricted to Lemudong’o Locality 1-S. mudstone beds have awiderand morecontinuous distribution. A The transition to the second phase ofsedimentation is marked relatively deep lake occupied the Lemudong’o Gorge area. The at Enamankeon West by the paleosol with carbonate nodules presence of a lake in this part of the basin may reflect underlyingthegraycindery tuff. Phase-2 bedscomprise siltstones, syndepositional subsidence of the southeast side of the paleoba- sandstones, and mudstones, and a series ofbrown paleosols that sin, toward the modern rift axis. Fossil-bearing horizons at reach a maximum thickness of —11 m at Enamankeon West. At Lemudong’o and Enamankeon lie above the lacustrine siltstones Lemudong’o 1-S, sediments above the fossil-bearing mudstones in mudstones that represent predominantly lake-margin environ- coarsen upward, reflecting a shift to an alluvial-fan depositional ments. With the exception of crocodile and hippopotamus, environment. Depositional phase 3 marks a return to deeper aquatic fauna, including fish and shellfish are absent, suggesting water, with thick beds of lacustrine siltstones and tuffs at lakes were too small and ephemeral to sustain aquatic (fish and Enamankeon, Kasiolei. and Siloma. The lacustrine yellow tuff shellfish) faunas. The terrestrial fauna at Lemudong’o 1-S and overlyinggrayignimbrite occurat thetopofthe Lemudong’o suggests locally forested environments in a wider mosaic of Formation in all sections studied. humid grassy woodlands and woodlands (Ambrose et al., 2007). The topography ofthe floorofthe paleobasin included areas of The thick paleosol horizons in phase-2 deposits at Enamankeon high and low relief. The metamorphic rocks of Ol Doinyo indicate a long period of soil formation in dry terrestrial Oborosoit would have formed the highest point on the environments. Fossils are present but are rare. Whether these paleolandscape, > 100 m above the basal gray ignimbrite. The paleosols reflect a period of drier climate, down-cutting of the gray ignimbrite beneath the basal mudstones at Enamankeon basin outlet, ortectonic controls on lake levels remains uncertain. West and Kasiolei is deeply eroded, with at least 35 m ofvertical Lacustrine siltstones and thick beds of waterlain ash, including relief, possibly reflecting an ancient landscape incised by a river theyellowtuff, arefoundin depositionalphase 3. Fossilshavenot channel. The weathered basalts exposed at the bases ofoutcrops been observed in these beds. Climate change, volcanic eruptions, at Entapot and the Lemudong’o lower channel may have formed and/or tectonic activity may have all contributed to high lake a low ridge or line of low hills beneath the modern Oletugathi levels during the last phase of sedimentation in the Lemudong’o Ridge. Formation.