EDITOR Renato Oscar Kowsmann Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Center for Research and Development (Petrobras/Cenpes) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Management Department [email protected] © 2016, Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved and protected by law. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copy Editor: Edna Cavalcanti Proofreading: Edna Cavalcanti Desktop Publishing: Estúdio Castellani Cover Designers: Anderson Gomes de Almeida and Renato Oscar Kowsmann A 3D image of a shaded relief of the ocean floor, showing a submarine canyon system in the northern Campos Basin. Elsevier Editora Ltda. Conhecimento sem Fronteiras Rua Sete de Setembro, 111 – 16o andar 20050-006 – Centro – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – Brasil Rua Quintana, 753 – 8o andar 04569-011 – Brooklin – São Paulo – SP – Brasil Customer Service 0800-0265340 [email protected] ISBN 978-85-352-8443-0 ISBN (digital version): 978-85-352-8444-7 Note: This work was edited with much zeal and skill. Although the author and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the information in this book was correct at press time, there may be typos, printing errors, or conceptual questions may arise. In any case, we ask that you contact our Customer Service so that we may clarify or forward the questions and concerns. Neither the publisher nor the author assume any responsibility for any loss or damages allegedly arising from the use of this publication. Cataloging in Publication Cenpes Library G345 Geology and Geomorphology / editor Renato Oscar Kowsmann; organizers Ana Paula da Costa Falcão, Maria Patricia Curbelo-Fernandez. – Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2015. xvi, 136 p.: il.. color.; 23 cm. – (Habitats Series) Includes bibliographies. ISBN 978-85-352-8443-0 1. Geology. 2. Geomorphology. 3. Campos Basin. I. Kowsmann, Renato Oscar. II. Falcão, Ana Paula da Costa. III. Curbelo-Fernandez, Maria Patricia. CDD 551.098153 Organizers Ana Paula da Costa Falcão Petrobras/Cenpes/PDEDS/Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Management Department [email protected] Maria Patricia Curbelo-Fernandez Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) Petrobras/Cenpes/PDEDS/Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Management Department [email protected] Authors Alexsandre Cavalcante de Lima Petrobras/E&P-SERV/US-SUB/Marine Geology Management Department [email protected] Alberto Garcia de Figueiredo Jr. Universidade Federal Fluminense/Geology Department/LAGEMAR [email protected] Anderson Gomes de Almeida Petrobras/E&P-EXP/IABS/South Pole Management Marine Geology [email protected] Carlos Eduardo Pereira Pacheco Universidade Federal Fluminense/Geology Department/LAGEMAR [email protected] Fabiano Tavares da Silva Universidade Federal Fluminense/Geology Department/LAGEMAR [email protected] Joana Paiva Robalo Migliorelli Fototerra Atividades de Aerolevantamentos Ltda. Petrobras/E&P-SERV/US-SUB/ Marine Geology Management Department [email protected] João Paulo Picolini Petrobras/E&P Sul-Sudeste/UO-BS/EXP/Geological and Geophysical Interpretation and Block Assessment Management [email protected] VIII AuThORS Marco Aurélio Vicalvi Fundação Gorceix Petrobras/Cenpes/PDGEO/Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology Management Department [email protected] Mariana Beatriz Ferraz Mendonça de Souza Fototerra Atividades de Aerolevantamentos Ltda. Petrobras/E&P-SERV/US-SUB/Marine Geology Management Department [email protected] Renato Oscar Kowsmann Petrobras/Cenpes/PDGEO/ Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Management Department [email protected] Ricardo Defeo de Castro Petrobras/E&P Sul-Sudeste/UO-BC/Exploitation Management Department [email protected] Ricardo Garske Borges Petrobras/Cenpes/PDEP/Management of Oceanic Engineering Technology [email protected] Sérgio Cadena de Vasconcelos Universidade Federal Fluminense/Geology Department/LAGEMAR [email protected] Simone Schreiner Petrobras/E&P-SERV/US-SUB/Marine Geology Management Department [email protected] Acknowledgements We would like to thank the coordinators and organizers of this series, Ana Paula da Costa Falcão and Maria Patricia Curbelo-Fernandez, for the opportunity to con- duct and publish the findings of the Geology of the Habitats Project – Environmental Hete rogeneity of the Campos Basin. We would also like to thank the authors who con- tributed to this volume and the reviewers who contributed to its refinement. To the Marine Geology Management Department (Petrobras/E&P-SERV/US-SUB), we would like to give a special thanks for having made available their technical staff, database and infrastructure to accomplish this work. Discussions with various Petrobras profes- sionals, particularly with the geologists Simone Schreiner, Marcos Antonio da Silva Silveira, Dennis James Miller, and Adriano Roessler Viana and civil engineers Claudio dos Santos Amaral and Leopoldo Machado Paganelli, were very helpful. Foreword The economic importance of deepwater environments has been increasing at an accelerated pace that matches the increasing interest in their vast mineral and biolog- ical resources. Until recently, the economic discussions about the ocean were mainly focused on the topics of fishing resources and international navigation. This context, combined with the high costs and logistical difficulties of researching the region, contributes so that the oceans are the least scientifically explored and least protected areas in the world. Furthermore, as science continues to evolve, we acquire a greater understanding of the ecological importance of the environmental services provided by these ecosystems, whether for its biodiversity and climate regulation ca- pacity, or for its essential biogeochemical cycles. Aware of its responsibility towards the environment in which it performs its activities, Petrobras articulates one of the world’s largest programs for scientific characterization of deep waters, involving an ecosystemic study of various Brazilian coastal basins. The research on the subject is complex and requires extensive collaborative work and networking between the insti- tutions of the regulating, industrial, and academic fields. We are very proud to present the first volume of the “Habitats Series”, a set of scientific publications that seeks to unite and make available to society the important and rare knowledge acquired about the Campos Basin, off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, through the research project with the same name. The size of the work is impressive, inaugurating a new regional oceanic research model in Brazil. The study involved specialists from Petrobras and 20 Brazilian univer- sities to cover, with scientific rigor, the geological, biological, physical and chemical aspects of the water column and sediments in more than 150,000 km2, about 3.5 times the area of the state of Rio de Janeiro. It took more than 250 professionals, 8,500 hours on board a ship, which corresponds to one year of data collection at sea, more than 20,000 chemical analyses and 10,000 biological analyses. Our concerns also ex- tended to the conservation of the material collected through investments in scientific collections, and the organization of information in a geo-referenced database, with the guarantee of uniformity in procedures and data collection with the intent of hav- ing future use. Thus, we hope to have contributed to the formation of an important asset to Brazilian and global researchers on the subject. XII FOREwORD Since I have had the opportunity and privilege of accompanying the development of this research over the last four years, it fills me with joy to share this moment of celebration for the completion of this work. Congratulations to the researchers and field experts for the results and the legacy, which are at a level matching the effort, dedication, and earnestness I had the opportunity of witnessing! VIVIANA CANhÃO BERNARDES GONÇALVES COELhO GENERAL MANAGER Management of Research & Gas Development, Energy and Sustainable Development Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Center for Research and Development List of acronyms AABW – Antartic Bottom Water AAIW – Antartic Intermediate Water ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas ARSS – Angra dos Reis Seismographic Station BAMPETRO – Brazilian Environmental Database for the Oil Industry BC – Brazil Current BCC – Brazil Countercurrent CB-RCP – Campos Basin Regional Environmental Characterization Program CB-RCP/HABITATS – Campos Basin Regional Environmental Characterization Program /Habitats Project CENPES – Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Center for Research and Development CGIAR – Consultive Group on International Agriculture Research DTM – Digital Terrain Model E&P-SERV/US-SUB/GM – Marine Geology Administration of the E&P Submarine Services Unit GDB – Cenpes/Petrobras’ Geotechnical Database GEBCO – General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans GIS – Geographic Information System HNA – Hydrography and Navigation Administration of the Brazilian Navy IBAMA – Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis ISGEO – Integrated System of Geology and Geophysics (Petrobras) JPC – Jumbo Piston Core LAGEMAR-UFF – Marine Geology Laboratory – Universidade Federal Fluminense LGM – Last Glacial Maximum M.A. – Milhões de anos (Million Years) MTD – Mass-Transport Deposits XVI LIST OF ACRONyMS NGDC – National Geophysical Data Center NHC – Navy Hydrographic Center NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOD – National Oceanographic Database (Brazilian Navy) PCPT – Piezocone Penetration Test RCLB (UNESP/SP) – Rio Claro Seismological Station REMAC – Global Reconnaisance of the Brazilian Continental Margin SACW – South Atlantic Central Water SASA – South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone SC – Shelf Current SEISN/SE – Seismographic Network of South and Southeastern Brazil SFA1 (UnB/DF) – Serra do Facão Seismological Station (Universidade Nacional de Brasília/Distrito Federal) SHALSTAB – Shallow Slope Stability Model SINMAP – Stability INdex MAPping SIRGAS – Geocentric Referece System for the Americas SPP – São Paulo Plateau SRTM – Shuttle Radar Topography Mission STC – São Tomé Canyon UFF – Universidade Federal Fluminense UNB – Universidade de Brasília UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” USP – Universidade de São Paulo