Special Publication Number 16 Geology and Genesis of Major Copper Deposits and Districts of the World: A Tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, Michael Harris, and Francisco Camus, Editors Special Publications of the Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication Number 16 Geology and Genesis of Major Copper Deposits and Districts of the World: A Tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, Michael Harris, and Francisco Camus, Editors First Edition 2012 Printed by Cenveo Publisher Services 3575 Hempland Road Lancaster, PA 17601 Additional copies of this publication can be obtained from Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. 7811 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127 www.segweb.org ISBN 978-1-934969-46-5 ISSN 1938-4548 On the DVD label: Aerial view of the Bingham Canyon copper mine, Kennecott Utah Copper, September 2003. Photo courtesy of Rio Tinto plc. SPONSOR The Society of Economic Geologists Publications Board thanks Rio Tinto Exploration for its generous financial support of this volume In recognition of Richard H. Sillitoe’s contribution to the understanding of the world’s major copper deposits SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC. Special Publication Number 16 Contents Appendices for Borg et al. and Schuh et al. and archived SEG papers, 1971 to 2013, by Richard H. Sillitoe are included on this DVD. Papers by R. H. Sillitoe are listed following the Table of Contents Foreword Eric Finlayson ix Acknowledgments Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, Michael Harris, Francisco Camus xiii Introduction 1 Copper Provinces Richard H. Sillitoe 1 Major Deposits 2 Update of the Geologic Setting and Porphyry Sergio L. Rivera, Hugo Alcota, Cu-Mo Deposits of the Chuquicamata District, John Proffett, Jaime Díaz, Northern Chile Gabriel Leiva, and Manuel Vergara 19 3 Geologic Overview of the Miguel Hervé, Richard H. Sillitoe, Chilong Wong, Escondida Porphyry Copper District, Patricio Fernández, Francisco Crignola, Northern Chile Marco Ipinza, and Felipe Urzúa 55 4 Geologic Setting and Evolution of the José Perelló, Richard H. Sillitoe, Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum and Copper- Constantino Mpodozis, Gold Deposits at Los Pelambres, Central Chile Humberto Brockway, and Héctor Posso 79 5 Protracted Magmatic-Hydrothermal History of the Río Blanco-Los Bronces District, Central Chile: Juan Carlos Toro, Javier Ortúzar, Development of World’s Greatest Known Jorge Zamorano, Paticio Cuadra, Concentration of Copper Juan Hermosilla, and Cristian Spröhnle 105 6 Geology of the Bingham Canyon Porphyry John P. Porter, Kim Schroeder, Cu-Mo-Au Deposit, Utah and Gerry Austin 127 7 Geology and Exploration Progress Carl Hehnke, Geoff Ballantyne, at the Resolution Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Hamish Martin, William Hart, Arizona Adam Schwarz, and Holly Stein 147 8 Magmatic-Hydrothermal-Structural Evolution of the Giant Pebble Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposit with Implications for Exploration in Southwest Alaska James R. Lang and Melissa J. Gregory 167 9 Geologic Overview of the Oyu Tolgoi Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposits, Mongolia David Crane and Imants Kavalieris 187 v 10 Copper-Gold ± Molybdenum Deposits of the Clyde A. Leys, Mark Cloos, Ertsberg-Grasberg District, Papua, Indonesia Brian T.E. New, and George D. MacDonald 215 11 Geology and Mineralogical Zonation of the Olympic Kathy Ehrig, Jocelyn McPhie, Dam Iron Oxide Cu-U-Au-Ag Deposit, South Australia and Vadim Kamenetsky 237 12 Geology of the Tenke-Fungurume Sediment- Hosted Strata-Bound Copper-Cobalt District, Wolfram Schuh, Richard A. Leveille, Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo Isabel Fay, and Robert North 269 13 Dzhezkazgan and Associated Sandstone Copper Stephen E. Box, Boris Syusyura, Deposits of the Chu-Sarysu Basin, Reimar Seltmann, Robert A. Creaser, Central Kazakhstan Alla Dolgopolova, and Michael L. Zientek 303 Premier Provinces 14 Cenozoic Tectonics and Porphyry Copper Systems of the Chilean Andes Constantino Mpodozis and Paula Cornejo 329 15 The Southwestern North America Porphyry Copper Province Richard A. Leveille and Ralph J. Stegen 361 16 Tectonomagmatic Settings, Architecture, Alexander Yakubchuk, Kirill Degtyarev, and Metallogeny of the Central Asian Valery Maslennikov, Andrew Wurst, Copper Province Alexander Stekhin, and Konstantin Lobanov 403 17 The Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Roberto Perez Xavier, Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro, Systems of the Carajás Carolina Penteado N. Moreto, André Luiz Silva Pestilho, Mineral Province, Brazil Gustavo Henrique Coelho de Melo, Marco Antônio Delinardo da Silva, Benevides Aires, Cleive Ribeiro, and Flávio Henrique Freitas e Silva 433 ´ 18 An Overview of the European Gregor Borg, Adam Piestrzynski, Kupferschiefer Deposits Gerhard H. Bachmann, Wilhelm Püttmann, Sabine Walther,and Marco Fiedler 455 19 The Central African Copperbelt: Diverse Stratigraphic, Structural, and Murray W. Hitzman, David Broughton, Temporal Settings in the World’s Largest David Selley, Jon Woodhead, Sedimentary Copper District David Wood, and Stuart Bull 487 Genetic Themes 20 Copper-Rich Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE Deposits D. R. Burrows and C. M. Lesher 515 21 Magmatic Controls on Porphyry Copper Genesis Andreas Audétat and Adam C. Simon 553 22 Hydrothermal Controls on Metal Distribution Kalin Kouzmanov in Porphyry Cu (-Mo-Au) Systems and Gleb S. Pokrovski 573 vi Richard H. Sillitoe Papers (1971–2013) Included on the CD-ROM Sillitoe, R.H., and Sawkins, F.J., 1971, Geologic, miner- Sillitoe, R.H., 1989, Gold deposits in western Pacific island alogic, and fluid inclusion studies relating to the origin arcs: The magmatic connection, in Keays, R.R., Ramsay, of copper-bearing tourmaline breccia pipes, Chile: Eco- W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The geology of gold de- nomic Geology, v. 65, p. 1028–1041. posits: The perspective in 1988: Economic Geology Monograph 6, p. 274–291. Sillitoe, R.H., 1972, A plate tectonic model for the origin of porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 67, p. Arnold, G.O., and Sillitoe, R.H., 1989, Mount Morgan gold- 184–197. copper deposit, Queensland, Australia: Evidence for an Sillitoe, R.H., 1973, Geology of the Los Pelambres porphyry intrusion-related replacement origin: Economic Geol- copper deposit, Chile: Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 1–10. ogy, v. 84, p. 1805–1816. Sillitoe, R.H., 1973, The tops and bottoms of porphyry cop- Sillitoe, R.H., 1991, Gold metallogeny of Chile – an intro- per deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 799–815. duction: Economic Geology, v. 86, p. 1187–1205. Sillitoe, R.H., 1973, Environments of formation of volcano - Vila, T., and Sillitoe, R.H., 1991, Gold-rich porphyry sys- genic massive sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, tems in the Maricunga belt, northern Chile: Economic p. 1321–1325. Geology, v. 86, p. 1238–1260. Sillitoe, R.H., Halls, C., and Grant, J.N., 1975, Porphyry tin Sillitoe, R.H., McKee, E.H., and Vila, T., 1991, Reconnais- deposits in Bolivia: Economic Geology, v. 70, p. 913–927. sance K-Ar geochronology of the Maricunga gold-silver belt, northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. 86, p. Sillitoe, R.H., 1975, Lead-silver, manganese, and native sul- 1261–1270. fur mineralization within a stratovolcano, El Queva, northwest Argentina: Economic Geology, v. 70, p. Vila, T., Sillitoe, R.H., Betzhold, J., and Viteri, E., 1991, The 1190–1201. porphyry gold deposit at Marte, northern Chile: Eco- nomic Geology, v. 86, p. 1271–1286. Sillitoe, R.H., 1975, Subduction and porphyry copper de- posits in southwestern North America – a reply to Sillitoe, R.H., 1992, Gold and copper metallogeny of the recent objections: Economic Geology, v. 70, p. central Andes – Past, present, and future exploration ob- 1474–1477. jectives (SEG Distinguished Lecture): Economic Geol- ogy, v. 87, p. 2205–2216. Sillitoe, R.H., 1977, Permo-Carboniferous, late Cretaceous and Miocene porphyry copper-type mineralization in the Sillitoe, R.H., 1993, Giant and bonanza gold deposits in the Argentinian Andes: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 99–103. epithermal environment: Assessment of potential genetic factors, inWhiting, B.H., Mason, R., and Hodg- Sillitoe, R.H., Jaramillo, L., Damon, P.E., Shafiqullah, M., son, C.J., eds., Giant ore deposits: Society of Economic and Escovar, R., 1982, Setting, characterisitics, and age Geologists Special Publication 2, p. 125–156. of the Andean porphyry copper belt in Colombia: Eco- nomic Geology, v. 77, p. 1837–1850. Sillitoe, R.H., and Lorson, R.C., 1994, Epithermal gold-silver- mercury deposits at Paradise Peak, Nevada: Ore controls, Silliitoe, R.H., 1983, Enargite-bearing massive sulfide de- porphyry gold association, detachment faulting, and super- posits high in porphyry copper systems: Economic gene oxidation: Economic Geology, v. 89, p. 1226–1246. Geology, v. 78, p. 348–352. Sillitoe, R.H., and McKee, E.H., 1996, Age of supergene Sillitoe, R.H., Jaramillo, L., and Castro, H., 1984, Geologic oxidation and enrichment in the Chilean porphyry exploration of a molybdenum-rich porphyry copper de- copper province: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 164–179. posit at Mocoa, Colombia: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 106–123. Sillitoe, R.H., Hannington, M.D., and Thompson, J.F.H., 1996, High-sulfidation deposits in the volcanogenic mas- Sillitoe, R.H., Baker, E.M., and Brook, W.A., 1984, Gold de- sive sulfide environment: Economic Geology, v. 91, posits and hydrothermal eruption breccias associated 204–212. with a maar volcano at Wau, Papua New Guinea: Eco- nomic Geology, v. 79, p. 638–655. Sillitoe, R.H., Marquardt, J.C., Ramírez, F., Becerra, H., and Gómez, M., 1996, Geology of the concealed MM Sillitoe, R.H., and Bonham, H.F., Jr., 1984, Volcanic land- porphyry copper deposit, Chuquicamata district, north- forms and ore deposits: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. ern Chile, in Camus, F., Sillitoe, R.H., and Petersen, R., 1286–1298. eds., Andean copper deposits: New discoveries, mineral- Sillitoe, R.H., 1985, Ore-related breccias in volcanoplutonic ization styles and metallogeny: Society of Economic Ge- arcs: Economic Geology, v. 80, p. 1467–1514. ologists, Special Publication 5, p. 59–69. Sillitoe, R.H., Grauberger, G.L., and Elliott, J.E., 1985, A Hannington, M.D., Poulsen, K.H., Thompson, J.F.H., and diatreme-hosted gold deposit at Montana Tunnels, Mon- Sillitoe, R.H., 1999, Volcanogenic gold in the massive tana: Economic Geology, v. 80, p. 1707–1721. sulfide environment, inBarrie, C.T., and Hannington, Cunnean, R., and Sillitoe, R.H., 1989, Paleozoic hot spring M.D., eds., Volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits: sinter in the Drummond Basin, Queensland, Australia: Processes and examples in modern and ancient settings: Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 135–142. Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 8, p. 325–356. vii McInnes, B.I.A., Farley, K.A., Sillitoe, R.H., and Kohn, Sillitoe, R.H., and Thompson, J.F.H., 2006, Changes in min- B.P., 1999, Application of apatite (U-Th)/He eral exploration practice: Consequences for discovery, in thermochronometry to the determination of the sense Doggett, M.D., and Parry, J.R., eds., Wealth creation in and amount of vertical fault displacement at the the minerals industry: Integrating science, business, and Chuquicamata porphyry copper deposit, Chile: Eco- education: Society of Economic Geologists Special Pub- nomic Geology, v. 94, p. 937–947. lication 12, p. 193–219. Sillitoe, R.H., 2000, Geologic analogy: A vital field compo- Sillitoe, R.H., Hall, D.J., Redwood, S.D., and Waddell, nent of mineral exploration: Society of Economic A.H., 2006, Pueblo Viejo high-sulfidation epithermal Geologists Newsletter 42, p. 6–9. gold-silver deposit, Dominican Republic: A new model of formation beneath barren limestone cover: Economic Gendall, I.R., Quevedo, L.A., Sillitoe, R.H., Spencer, R.M., Geology, v. 101, p. 1427–1435. Puente, C.O., León, J.P., and Povedo, R.R., 2000, Dis- covery of a Jurassic porphyry copper belt, Pangui area, Sillitoe, R.H., 2007, Hypogene reinterpretation of super- southern Ecuador: Society of Economic Geologists gene silver enrichment at Chañarcillo, northern Chile: Newsletter 43, p. 1, 8–15. Economic Geology, v. 102, p. 777–781. Sillitoe, R.H., 2000, Gold-rich porphyry deposits: Descriptive Sillitoe, R.H., 2008, Major gold deposits and belts in the and genetic models and their role in exploration and dis- North and South American Cordillera: Distribution, covery, inHagemann, S. G., and Brown, P. E., eds., Gold tectonomagmatic settings, and metallogenic considera- in 2000: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 315–345. tions: Economic Geology, v. 103, p. 663–687. Sillitoe, R.H., 2002, Rifting, bimodal volcanism, and bo- Sillitoe, R.H., 2009, Supergene silver enrichment re- nanza gold veins: Society of Economic Geologists assessed, inTitley, S.R., ed., Supergene environments, Newsletter 48, p. 24–26. processes, and products: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 14, p. 15–32. Sillitoe, R.H., Cooper, C., Sale, M.J., Soechting, W., Echavarria, D., and Gallardo, J.L., 2002, Discovery and Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, Porphyry copper systems: Economic geology of the Esquel low-sulfidation epithermal gold Geology, v. 105, p. 3–41. deposit, Patagonia, Argentina, inGoldfarb, R.J., and Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, The challenge of finding new mineral Nielsen, R.L., eds, Integrated methods for discovery: resources: An introduction, inGoldfarb, R.J., Marsh, Global exploration in the twenty-first century: Society of E.E., and Monecke, T., eds., The challenge of finding Economic Geologists Special Publication 9, p. 227–240. new mineral resources: Global metallogeny, innovative Sillitoe, R.H., and Burrows, D.R., 2002, New field evidence exploration, and new discoveries: Society of Economic bearing on the origin of the El Laco magnetite deposit, Geologists Special Publication 15, p. 1–4. northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 1101–1109. Irarrazaval, V., Sillitoe, R.H., Wilson, A.J., Toro, J.C., Rob- Sillitoe, R.H., and Hedenquist, J.W., 2003, Linkages be- les, W., and Lyall, G.D., 2010, Discovery history of a tween volcanotectonic settings, ore-fluid compositions, giant, high-grade, hypogene porphyry copper-molybde- and epithermal precious metal deposits, inSimmons, num deposit at Los Sulfatos, Los Bronces-Río Blanco S.F., and Graham, I.J., eds., Volcanic, geothermal, and district, central Chile, inGoldfarb, R.J., Marsh, E.E., ore-forming fluids: Rulers and witnesses of processes and Monecke, T., eds., The challenge of finding new within the Earth: Society of Economic Geologists Spe- mineral resources: Global metallogeny, innovative explo- cial Publication 10, p. 315–343. ration, and new discoveries: Society of Economic Geolo- gists Special Publication 15, p. 253–269. Sillitoe, R.H., 2004, Musings on future exploration targets and strategies in the Andes,in Sillitoe, R.H., Perelló, J., Sillitoe, R.H., and Mortensen, J.K., 2010, Longevity of por- and Vidal, C.E., Andean metallogeny: Mineralization phyry copper formation at Quellaveco, Peru: Economic styles, new discoveries, and deposit updates: Society of Geology, v. 105, p. 1157–1162. Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 1–14. Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, Grassroots exploration: Between a Sillitoe, R.H., 2004, Distal-disseminated and Carlin-type major rock and a junior hard place: Society of Economic gold deposits: Are they fundamentally different?: Society Geologists Newsletter 83, p. 11–13. of Economic Geologists Newsletter 59, p. 28–30. Sillitoe, R.H., Perelló, J., and García, A., 2010, Sulfide-bear- Sillitoe, R.H., 2005, Supergene oxidized and enriched por- ing veinlets throughout the stratiform mineralization of phyry copper and related deposits: Hedenquist, J.W., the Central African Copperbelt: Temporal and genetic Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., and Richards, J.P., implications: Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 1361–1368. eds., Economic Geology 100thAnniversary Volume, p. Sillitoe, R.H., Tolman, J., and Van Kerkvoort, G., 2013, Ge- 723–768. ology of the Caspiche porphyry gold-copper deposit, Sillitoe, R.H., and Perelló, J., 2005, Andean copper province: Maricunga belt, northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. Tectonomagmatic settings, deposit types, metallogeny, 108 (preprint). exploration, and discovery: Hedenquist, J.W., Thomp- son, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., and Richards, J.P., eds., Eco- nomic Geology 100thAnniversary Volume, p. 845–890. viii Foreword A Tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe ERICFINLAYSON Head, Rio Tinto Exploration (2007–2011) The decision by Rio Tinto Exploration to support a Society of with this volume. He has also written more than 800 unpub- Economic Geologists (SEG) volume dedicated to Dick Silli- lished technical reports while consulting for over 200 mining toe is in recognition and appreciation of his contributions to companies, seven governments, and four international agen- the understanding of the world’s major copper districts on cies in 97 countries around the world. behalf of thousands of industry and academic geologists. It is When not working in the field or writing up his observa- fitting that this is done through the SEG, the Society that has tions, Dick has committed his time to education in economic been so closely associated with many of his best known pub- geology. He has been an invited speaker at 95 international lications. conferences to date, co-convened five major conferences, Dick has been widely honored throughout his career. His presented 40 public lectures at universities, geological sur- many awards in economic geology include the SEG Lindgren veys, and scientific meetings, given 16 short courses at uni- Award (1975), Wollaston Fund from the Geological Society versities, geological societies, and conferences, delivered 45 (1977), SEG Thayer Lindsley Lecturer (1988), SEG Distin- in-house courses for mining companies, run 17 field courses guished Lecturer (1992), Haddon Forrester King Medal for mining companies and other organizations, acted as Asso- from the Australian Academy of Science (1995), William ciate Editor, Revista Geológica de Chile (1986−present), Smith Medal from the Geological Society (1996), SEG Silver Member of the Editorial Board, Journal of Geochemical Ex- Medal (2002), Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecturer for the ploration(1994−1999), and Honorary Editor, Resource Geol- Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (2008), SEG In- ogy (2007−present); and was SEG President (1999−2000), ternational Exchange Lecturer (2012), and Herbert Thomas the IAGOD Regional Councillor for Europe (1980−1984), Prize from the Geological Society of Chile (2012). and the UK correspondent for IGCP Project 342, “Age and From a start with the UK Ministry of Overseas Develop- Isotopes of South American Ores” (1993−1997). ment studying supergene enrichment of copper deposits in This prodigious body of work has made it virtually impossi- Chile, from 1965 to 1968, Dick then spent three years with ble for a geologist to work on a copper deposit today without the Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas (Chilean Geolog- benefiting from Dick’s field observations and genetic models. ical Survey) studying porphyry copper deposits before be- His ferocious work rate has led him to see more orebodies coming an independent geologic consultant in 1971. and prospects and to meet more economic geologists than Since 1968, Dick has published 120 technical publications possibly any other geologist to date. in international journals, books, bulletins, and conference pro- A highly commendable aspect of Dick’s work is the large ceedings. His papers in Economic Geologyand other publica- number of people who have shared in his studies and publi- tions of the SEG are reproduced on the CD-ROM included cations. Dick is consistently generous in the recognition of ix other people’s ideas and meticulous in referencing previous natured and humorous, and always treats people with the work. same courtesy and respect regardless of their age or position. Another commendable aspect is his clarity of writing and Finally, while Dick’s name does not appear on the editorial oral presentation. He goes quickly to the issues of most im- list, I can confirm that his skill as an author and his commit- portance to his audience and delivers conclusions and opin- ment to this project have resulted in an outstanding publica- ions that are valued. He is also never afraid to admit uncer- tion. The eagerness of the most knowledgeable copper geol- tainty when these circumstances arise. ogists to volunteer papers for the volume reflects enormous It seemed an almost impossible task to summarize Dick’s respect and admiration. most significant accomplishments but an attempt has been It is a great pleasure for Rio Tinto Exploration to help with made in the Table below. Reading through this list gives some the production of this volume. It will stand as a cornerstone appreciation of his contributions. However, to many of us who reference on copper deposits and as a fitting appreciation to know Dick well, it will fall short in really describing the man. Dick for his outstanding contributions. He is never condescending or self important, is always good x R. H. Sillitoe Career Highlights 1970: First formal recognition of subduction control on por- 1983: Remapped Wau low sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag de- phyry Cu and related ore deposits. posit, Papua New Guinea (mining completed), leading to first formal recognition of maar-diatreme systems as 1970: Sited discovery hole at Los Pelambres porphyry Cu controls of some epithermal ore deposits. deposit, Chile (in production). 1984: Application of diatreme model to exploration of Mon- 1971: Recognized control of ore by K-silicate alteration and tana Tunnels Au-Ag-Zn-Pb deposit, Montana, United used the relationship to plan the definition drilling States (mine now exhausted). program at Bajo de La Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Argentina (in production). Also drew atten- 1985: Initial sampling and recommendation of Choque- tion for the first time to its high Au content. limpie high sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Chile (mine now exhausted). 1971: First formal recognition of genetic relationship be- tween porphyry Cu deposits and volcanoes. 1987 (and subsequently): Involvement in continuous exten- sion of ore reserves at Lo Aguirre manto-type Cu and 1972: Predicted that volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) de- Sagasca exotic Cu deposits, Chile (Lo Aguirre ex- posits would be found at oceanic spreading centers hausted, Sagasca in production). (confirmed in 1989). 1988−1990: Involvement in exploration and discovery of Au 1973: Recognized potential and designed exploration pro- deposits in the Maricunga belt, Chile, including first gram for VMS deposits in greenstone belts of Upper recognition of porphyry Au deposits. Volta (now Burkina Faso), which led to discovery of Perkoa Zn-Pb-Ag deposit (mine under construction). 1990: Recommendation of Cerro Vanguardia low sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Argentina (in production). 1974: Conducted basic geologic work and supervised drilling at Saindak porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Pakistan (in pro- 1990: Geologic reappraisal of Paradise Peak high sulfidation duction). Work led to first recognition of abundant epithermal Au-Ag-Hg district, Nevada, United States hydrothermal magnetite as an indicator of Au-rich (subsequently mined out). porphyry Cu deposits. 1991: Successful prediction of enhanced Au contents at 1976: First recognition of sediment-hosted stratiform Zn- depth in Wafi porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Papua New Pb-Ag prospects and potential, Khuzdar district, Pak- Guinea (deeper drilling ongoing). istan (in production). 1991: Preparation of first geologic model for MM (Ministro 1978: Recognition of concealed porphyry potential and dis- Hales) porphyry Cu deposit, Chuquicamata district, covery of Mocoa porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Colombia. Chile (mine under construction). 1979: Discovery in South Korea of first Climax-type por- 1993: Prediction of existence of concealed Damiana exotic phyry Mo deposit outside the United States on behalf Cu deposit, El Salvador, Chile (mine now exhausted). of Amax. 1994: Recognition of sediment-hosted Au mineralization, 1980: Discovery with J. Cabello of La Coipa high sulfidation Sepon, Laos (3 Moz deposit in production). epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Chile (in production). 1994: Recommendation of Zarsharan sediment-hosted Au 1981: Recognition of bulk gold potential in Mount Leyshon prospect, Iran (3 Moz deposit defined). breccia system, Queensland, Australia (mine now ex- hausted). 1994−2002: Participation in brownfields exploration of El Peñón low sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag district Chile, 1981: Recognition of concealed porphyry Cu-Au potential at leading to discovery of several new bonanza-grade Lepanto, Philippines, using diatreme clasts (Far veins (in production). Southeast deposit at definition drilling stage). 1995: First formal recognition of existence of high sulfida- 1983: Recommended exploration for concealed manto-type tion VMS deposits. Cu-Ag mineralization at Las Luces, Chile, leading to deposit discovery (mine now exhausted). 1996: Assistance with geologic modeling of Yanacocha high sulfidation epithermal Au deposits, Peru. xi