Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening Jinks between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences· Vol. 308 Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic edited by Ulrich Bleil Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universitat Bremen, Bremen, F.R.G. and Jorn Thiede GEOMAR, Forschungszentrum fOr Marine Geowissenschaften, Universitat Kiel, Kiel, F.R.G. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic Bremen, F.R.G. October 10-14, 1988 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Geologic History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic (1988 : Bremen. Germany) Geological history of the polar oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic I edited by Ulrich Bleil and Jarn Thiede. p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series C. Mathematical and physica 1 sciences; vol. 308) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Geologic History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic, Bremen, F.R. Germany, October 10-14, 1988." ·Sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty O~g2nization·--Prologue. 1. Geology--Arctic Ocean--Congresses. 2. Geology--Antarctic Ocean--Congresses. I. Bleil, Ulrich. II. Thiede, Jcirn, 1941- III. North Atlantlc Treaty Organizatlon. Scientific Affairs Divislon. IV. Tltle; V. Series: NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; no. 308. QE350.S.N38 1988 551.4S'08'0932--dc20 90-4477 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7410-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2029-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1990 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held within the programme of activities of the NATO Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences running from 1983 to 1988 as part of the activities of the NATO Science Committee. Other books previously published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are: BUAT-MENARD, P. (Eel.) - The Role ofA ir-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (C185) 1986 CAZENA YE, A. (Eel.) - Earth Rotation: Solved and Unsolved Problems (CI87) 1986 WILLEBRAND, J. and ANDERSON, D.L.T. (Eds.) - Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere (C190) 1986 NICOLlS, C. and NICOLlS, G. (Eds.) - Irreversible Phenomena and Dynamical Systems Analysis in Geosciences (C192) 1986 PARSONS, I. (Ed.) - Origins ofI gneous Layering (CI96) 1987 LOPER, E. (Eel.) - Structure and Dynamics ofP artially Solidified Systems (E125) 1987 VAUGHAN, R. A. (Ed.) - Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology (C201) 1987 BERGER, W. H. and LABEYRIE, L. D. (Eels.) - Abrupt Climatic Change - Evidence and Implications (C216) 1987 VISCONTI, G. and GARCIA, R. (Eels.) - Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere (C213) 1987 SIMMERS, I. (Eel.) -Estimation ofN atural Recharge of Groundwater (C222) 1987 HELGESON, H. C. (Eel.) - Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes (C218) 1987 CUSTODIO, E., GURGUI, A. and LOBO FERREIRA, J. P. (Eels.) - Groundwater Flow and Quality Modelling (C224) 1987 ISAKSEN,I. S. A. (Eel.) - Tropospheric Ozone (C227) 1988 SCHLESINGER, M.E. (Eel.) - Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change 2 vols. (C243) 1988 UNSWORTH, M. H. and FOWLER, D. (Eels.) - Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites (C252) 1988 KISSEL, C. and LAY, C. (Eds.) - Paleomagnetic Rotations and Continental Deformation (C254) 1988 HART, S. R. and GULEN, L. (Eels.) - Crust/Mantle Recycling at Subduction Zones (C258) 1989 GREGERSEN, S. and BASHAM, P. (Eels.) - Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and Postglacial Rebound (C266) 1989 MOREL-SEYTOUX, H. J. (Eel.) - Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling (C275) 1989 BRIDGWATER, D. (Eel.) - Fluid Movements -Element Transport and the Composition of the Crust (C281) 1989 LEINEN, M. and SARNTHEIN, M. (Eds.) - Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport (C282) 1989 ANDERSON, D.L.T. and WILLEBRAND, J. (Eds.) - Ocean Circulation Models: Combining Data and Dynamics (C284) 1989 BERGER, A., SCHNEIDER, S. and DUPLESSY, J. Cl. (Eels.) - Climate and Geo-Sciences (C285) 1989 KNAP, A.H. (Ed.) - The Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Natural and Contaminant Substances from Continent to Ocean and Continent to Continent (C297) 1990. Table of Contents PROLOGUE xi U. Bleil, and J Thiede The Geological History of Cenozoic Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic - An Introduction 1 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PLATE TECTONICS OF THE POLAR DEEP SEA BASINS AND THEIR CONTINENTAL MARGINS G. L. lohnson Morphology and Plate Tectonics: The Modern Polar Oceans 11 L. A. Lawver, R D. Muller, S. P. Srivastava, and W. Roest The Opening of the Arctic Ocean 29 Y. Kristoffersen On the Tectonic Evolution and Paleoceanographic Significance of the Fram Strait Gateway 63 E. Sundvor, and A. Austegard The Evolution of the Svalbard Margins: Synthesis and New Results 77 T. 0. VOlTen, G. Richardsen, S.-M Knutsen, and E. Henriksen The Western Barents Sea During the Cenozoic 95 K Hinz, M Hemmerich, U. Salge, and 0. Eiken Structures in Rift-Basin Sediments on the Conjugate Margins of Western Tasmania, South Tasman Rise, and Ross Sea, Antarctica 119 H Miller, J P. Henriet, N. Kaul, andA. Moons A Fine-Scale Seismic Stratigraphy of the Eastern Margin of the Weddell Sea 131 l. P. Henriet, and H Miller Some Speculations Regarding the Nature of the Explora-Andenes Escarpment, Weddell Sea 163 viii POLAR ICE -COVERS AS GEOLOGICAL AGENTS M Spindler A Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice and the Effects of Different Properties on Sea Ice Biota 173 S. Pjirman, M. A. Lange, I Wollenburg, and P. Schlosser Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic -Antarctic Comparisons 187 R.Henrich Cycles, Rhythms, and Events in Quaternary Arctic and Antarctic Glaciomarine Deposits 213 B. G. Andersen Cenozoic Glacier Fluctuations in Polar Regions - Terrestrial Records From Antarctica and the North Atlantic Sector of the Arctic 245 N. Reeh Past Changes in Precipitation Rate and Ice Thickness as Derived From Age - Depth Profiles in Ice-Sheets; Application to Greenland and Canadian Arctic Ice Core Records 255 D. L. Clark Stability of the Arctic Ocean Ice-Cover and Pleistocene Warming Events: Outlining the Problem 273 A. Elverh0i, M Nyland-Berg, L. Russwurm, and A. Solheim Late Weichselian Ice Recession in the Central Barents Sea 289 MODERN DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF POLAR OCEANS N. V. Belyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Distribution Patterns of Calcareous Foraminifers in Arctic Ocean Sediments 311 H. Berner, and G. Weier Physiographic and Biologic Factors Controlling Surface Sediment Distribution in the Fram Strait 317 H. Schrader, and N. Koc Karpuz Norwegian - Iceland Seas: Transfer Functions Between Marine Planktic Diatoms and Surface Water Temperature 337 ix G. Wefer, G. Fischer, D. K Fiitterer, R Gersonde, S. Honjo, and D. Ostermann Particle Sedimentation and Productivity in Antarctic Waters of the Atlantic Sector 363 D. K Fiitterer, and M Melles Sediment Patterns in the Southern Weddell Sea: Filchner Shelf and Filchner Depression 381 QUATERNARY HISTORY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF POLAR OCEANS E. Bard, L. D. Labeyrie, 1-1 Pichon, M Labracherie, M Arnold, 1 Duprat, 1 Moyes, and1-C. Duplessy The Last Deglaciation in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: A Comparison Based on Oxygen Isotope, Sea Surface Temperature Estimates, and Accelerator l4C Dating From Deep-Sea Sediments 405 G. Gard, and 1 Backman Synthesis of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Coccolith Biochronology and History of North Atlantic Drift Water Influx During the Last 500.000 Years 417 M Baumann Coccoliths in Sediments of the Eastern Arctic Basin 437 N. V Belyaeva, and T A. Khusid Foraminiferal Assemblages in Sediments From Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean 447 1 Mienert, L. A. Mayer, G. A. lones, and 1 W King Physical and Acoustic Properties of Arctic Ocean Deep-Sea Sediments: Paleoclimatic Implications 455 A. Eisenhauer, A. Mangini, R Botz, P. Walter, 1 Beer, G. Bonani, M Suter, H 1 Hofmann, and W Wolfli High Resolution lOBe and 230Th Stratigraphy of Late Quaternary Sediments From the Fram Strait (Core 23235) 475 S. E. I Kohler, and R. F Spielhagen The Enigma of Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 in the Central Fram Strait 489 I. Bischof Dropstones in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea -Indications of Late Quaternary Circulation Patterns? 499 x C. D. Charles, and R G. Fairbanks Glacial to Interglacial Changes in the Isotopic Gradients of Southern Ocean Surface Water 519 H Grobe, A. Mackensen, H -W. Hubberten, V. Spiess, and D. K Falterer Stable Isotope Record and Late Quaternary Sedimentation Rates at the Antarctic Continental Margin 539 PRE-QUATERNARY RECORDS OF POLAR OCEAN HISTORY J. G. Baldauf, and 1. A. Barron Evolution of Biosiliceous Sedimentation Patterns - Eocene through Quaternary: Paleoceanographic Response to Polar Cooling 575 P.1. Mudie, A. de Vema~ and M J. Head Neogene to Recent Palynostratigraphy of Circum-Arctic Basins: Results of ODP Leg 104, Norwegian Sea, Leg 105, Baffin Bay, and DSDP Site 611, Irminger Sea 609 G. Bohrmann, R Henrich, and 1. Thiede Miocene to Quaternary Paleoceanography in the Northern North Atlantic: Variability in Carbonate and Biogenic Opal Accumulation 647 E. Jansen, 1. Sjoholm, U. Bleil, and 1. A. Erichsen Neogene and Pleistocene Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere and Late Miocene - Pliocene Global Ice Volume Fluctuations: Evidence From the Norwegian Sea 677 D. A. Hodell, and P. F. Ciesielski Southern Ocean Response to the Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at 2.4 Ma 707 A.Abelmann, R Gersonde, and V. Spiess Pliocene - Pleistocene Paleoceanography in the Weddell Sea - Siliceous Microfossil Evidence 729 F. Westall, andJ. Fenner Polar Front Fluctuations and the Upper Gauss to Brunhes Paleoceanographic Record in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean 761 Authors Index 783 Subject Index 805