The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geneva, by Francis Gribble This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Geneva Painted by J. Hardwicke Lewis & May Hardwicke Lewis. Described by Francis Gribble. Author: Francis Gribble Release Date: December 21, 2015 [EBook #50738] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENEVA *** Produced by Shaun Pinder, Charlie Howard, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) GENEVA OTHER BOOKS ON SWITZERLAND THE ALPS PAINTED BY A. D. M’CORMICK DESCRIBED BY SIR MARTIN CONWAY Containing 62 full-page Illustrations in Colour Price 20/- net (Post free, price 20/6) MONTREUX PAINTED BY J. HARDWICKE LEWIS AND MAY HARDWICKE LEWIS DESCRIBED BY FRANCIS H. GRIBBLE Containing 20 full-page Illustrations in Colour and a Sketch-Map Price 7/6 net (Post free, price 7/11) OUR LIFE IN THE SWISS HIGHLANDS BY JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS AND HIS DAUGHTER MARGARET With 16 full-page Illustrations in Colour by J. HARDWICKE LEWIS Price 7/6 net (Post free, price 7/11) THE UPPER ENGADINE PAINTED BY J. HARDWICKE LEWIS DESCRIBED BY S. C. MUSSON Containing 20 full-page Illustrations in Colour Price 6/- net (Post free, price 6/4) A. AND C. BLACK, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON SUNSET ON MONT BLANC FROM ABOVE GENEVA GENEVA PAINTED BY J. HARDWICKE LEWIS & MAY HARDWICKE LEWIS DESCRIBED BY FRANCIS GRIBBLE LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1908 Contents CHAPTER I PAGE OLD GENEVA 1 CHAPTER II THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 9 CHAPTER III THE REFORMATION 13 CHAPTER IV THE EXPULSION OF THE NUNS 17 CHAPTER V THE RULE OF CALVIN 23 CHAPTER VI THE TRIUMPH OF THE THEOCRACY 29 CHAPTER VII THE UNIVERSITY 33 CHAPTER VIII PROFESSOR ANDREW MELVILL 39 CHAPTER IX THÉODORE DE BÈZE 43 CHAPTER X WAR WITH SAVOY 51 v vi CHAPTER XI THE ESCALADE 53 CHAPTER XII AN INTERVAL OF QUIET 61 CHAPTER XIII REVOLUTIONS 65 CHAPTER XIV LITERATURE AND SCIENCE 71 CHAPTER XV SAUSSURE 77 CHAPTER XVI MEN OF LETTERS 89 CHAPTER XVII SONGS AND SQUIBS 93 CHAPTER XVIII RELIGIOUS REVIVAL 95 CHAPTER XIX ROMANTICISM 99 CHAPTER XX LATER MEN OF LETTERS 105 CHAPTER XXI VOLTAIRE 107 CHAPTER XXII VOLTAIRE AND THE THEATRE 111 CHAPTER XXIII VISITORS TO FERNEY 119 CHAPTER XXIV COPPET 123 List of Illustrations 1. Sunset on Mont Blanc from above Geneva. J. H. L. Frontispiece FACING PAGE vii ix 2. L’Église de la Madeleine, Geneva. M. H. L. 6 3. The Last Snow on the Wooded slopes. M. H. L. 10 4. Geneva from the Arve. M. H. L. 20 5. The Bay of Meillerie. J. H. L. 26 6. Evian les Bains, Hte. Savoie. M. H. L. 34 7. The Glaciers des Bossons, Chamonix. J. H. L. 38 8. Yvoire, Hte. Savoie. M. H. L. 44 9. La Roche, Hte. Savoie. J. H. L. 50 10. The Castle of Etrembières, Hte. Savoie. J. H. L. 56 11. Nyon Castle, looking across the Lake to Mont Blanc. J. H. L. 62 12. Montenvers and Aiguilles Verte and Dru. J. H. L. 68 13. The Jura Range from Thonon, Hte. Savoie. J. H. L. 74 14. The Aiguille and Dôme du Goûter, Mont Blanc. M. H. L. 80 15. The Statue of Jean Jacques Rousseau on the Island in the Rhone, Geneva, from Hôtel des Bergues. J. H. L. 90 16. The Head of Lake Annecy, Hte. Savoie. J. H. L. 96 17. Nernier, Hte. Savoie. M. H. L. 100 18. The Chateau de Prangins. M. H. L. 110 19. A Vaudoise: Summer. M. H. L. 120 20. The Tricoteuse: Winter. M. H. L. 128 CHAPTER I OLD GENEVA TOWNS WHICH EXPAND TOO FAST AND BECOME TOO PROSPEROUS TEND TO LOSE THEIR INDIVIDUALITY. GENEVA HAS ENJOYED THAT FORTUNE, AND HAS paid that price for it. STRADDLING THE RHONE, WHERE IT ISSUES FROM THE BLUEST LAKE IN THE WORLD, LOOKING OUT UPON GREEN MEADOWS AND WOODED HILLS, BACKED BY THE DARK RIDGE OF THE SALÈVE, WITH THE ‘GREAT WHITE MOUNTAIN’ VISIBLE IN THE DISTANCE, IT HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF AN INCOMPARABLE SITE; A IT IS, FROM A TOWN SURVEYOR’S POINT OF VIEW, WELL BUILT. IT HAS WIDE THOROUGHFARES, QUAYS, AND BRIDGES; GORGEOUS PUBLIC MONUMENTS AND WELL-KEPT PUBLIC GARDENS; HANDSOME THEATRES AND MUSEUMS; LONG ROWS OF PALATIAL HOTELS; FLOURISHING SUBURBS; TWO RAILWAY-STATIONS, AND A CASINO. BUT ALL THIS IS MERELY THE FAÇADE—ALL OF IT QUITE MODERN; HARDLY ANY OF IT MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY OLD. THE REAL HISTORICAL G —the little of it that remains—is hidden away in the background, where not every tourist troubles to look for it. IT IS DISAPPEARING FAST. ITALIAN STONEMASONS ARE CONSTANTLY ENGAGED IN DRIVING LINES THROUGH IT. THEY HAVE REBUILT, FOR INSTANCE, THE O CORRATERIE, WHICH IS NOW THE REGENT STREET OF GENEVA, FAMOUS FOR ITS CONFECTIONERS’ AND BOOKSELLERS’ SHOPS; THEY HAVE DESTROYED, AND ARE STILL DESTROYING, OTHER ANCIENT SLUMS, SETTING UP WHITE BUILDINGS OF UNIFORM UGLINESS IN PLACE OF THE PICTURESQUE BUT INSANITARY DWEL OF THE PAST. IT IS, NO DOUBT, A VERY NECESSARY REFORM, THOUGH ONE MAY THINK THAT IT IS BEING EXECUTED IN TOO UTILITARIAN A SPIRIT. THE O GENEVA WAS MALODOROUS, AND ITS DEATH-RATE WAS HIGH. THEY HAD MORE THAN ONE GREAT PLAGUE THERE, AND THEIR GREAT FIRES HAVE ALWAYS LEFT SOME OF THE WORST OF THEIR SLUMS UNTOUCHED. THESE COULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO STAND IN AN AGE WHICH STUDIES THE SCIENCE AND PRACTISE THE ART OF HYGIENE. YET THE TRAVELLER WHO WANTS TO KNOW WHAT THE OLD GENEVA WAS REALLY LIKE MUST SPEND A MORNING OR TWO RAMBLI among them before they are pulled down. THE OLD GENEVA, LIKE JERUSALEM, WAS SET UPON A HILL, AND IT IS TOWARDS THE TOP OF THE HILL THAT THE FEW BUILDINGS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST ARE TO BE FOUND. THERE IS THE CATHEDRAL—A STRIKING OBJECT FROM A DISTANCE, THOUGH THE INTERIOR IS HIDEOUSLY BARE. THERE IS THE TOWN HAL IN WHICH, FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF NOTABLES CARRIED IN LITTERS, THE UPPER STORIES WERE REACHED BY AN INCLINED PLANE INSTEAD OF A STAIRCASE THERE IS CALVIN’S OLD ACADEMY, BEARING MORE THAN A SLIGHT RESEMBLANCE TO CERTAIN OF THE SMALLER COLLEGES AT OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE THERE, TOO, ARE TO BE SEEN A FEW MURAL TABLETS, INDICATING THE RESIDENCES OF PAST CELEBRITIES. IN SUCH A HOUSE ROUSSEAU WAS BORN; IN SUCH ANOTHER HOUSE—OR IN AN OLDER HOUSE, NOW DEMOLISHED, ON THE SAME SITE—CALVIN DIED. AND TOWARDS THESE CENTRAL POINTS THE STEEP AND narrow, mean streets—in many cases streets of stairs—converge. x 1 2 3 AS ONE PLUNGES INTO THESE STREETS ONE SEEMS TO PASS BACK FROM THE TWENTIETH CENTURY TO THE FIFTEENTH, AND NEED NOT EXERCISE ONE’S IMAGINATION VERY SEVERELY IN ORDER TO PICTURE THE TOWN AS IT APPEARED IN THE OLD DAYS BEFORE THE REFORMATION. THE PRESENT WRITER MA claim permission to borrow his own description from the pages of ‘Lake Geneva and its Literary Landmarks’: ‘NARROW STREETS PREDOMINATED, THOUGH THERE WERE ALSO A CERTAIN NUMBER OF OPEN SPACES—NOTABLY AT THE MARKETS, AND IN FRONT OF THE CATHEDRAL, WHERE THERE WAS A TRAFFIC IN THOSE RELICS AND ROSARIES WHICH GENEVA WAS PRESENTLY TO REPUDIATE WITH VIRTUOUS INDIGNATIO ONE CAN FORM AN IDEA OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE NARROW STREETS BY IMAGINING THE OLDEST HOUSES THAT ONE HAS SEEN IN SWITZERLAND ALL CLOSE PACKED TOGETHER—HOUSES AT THE MOST THREE STORIES HIGH, WITH GABLED ROOFS, GROUND-FLOORS A STEP OR TWO BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE ROADWAY AND HUGE ARCHED DOORS STUDDED WITH GREAT IRON NAILS, AND LOOKING STRONG ENOUGH TO RESIST A BATTERING-RAM. ABOVE THE DOORS, IN THE CASE OF THE BETTER HOUSES, WERE THE PAINTED ESCUTCHEONS OF THE RESIDENTS, AND CRESTS WERE ALSO OFTEN BLAZONED ON THE WINDOW-PANES. THE SHOPS, TOO, AND MORE ESPECIALLY THE INNS, FLAUNTED GAUDY SIGN-BOARDS WITH INGENIOUS DEVICES. THE GOOD VINEGAR, THE HOT KNIFE, THE Crowned Ox, were the names of some of these; their tariff is said to have been fivepence a day for man and beast. ‘THE STREETS, BEING NARROW, WERE ALSO VERY GENERALLY CROWDED, AND WERE PARTICULARLY CROWDED IN THE EVENINGS. FROM THE STUFFY HOUSES—AND EVEN IN THESE DAYS OF SANITATION A REALLY OLD SWISS HOUSE IS SOMETIMES STUFFY ENOUGH TO MAKE THE STRANGER GASP FOR BREATH —THE CITIZENS OF HIGH AS WELL AS LOW DEGREE SALLIED TO TAKE THEIR PLEASURE IN THE STREET. THE STREET WAS THEIR DRAWING-ROOM. THEY STOOD AND GOSSIPED THERE; THEY SAT ABOUT ON BENCHES UNDERNEATH THEIR WINDOWS. OR SOME MUSICIAN WOULD STRIKE UP A LIVELY TUNE, AND LADIES OF the highest position in society—the daughters and wives of Councillors and Syndics—attired in velvets and silks and satins, would dance round-dances in the open air. For all their political anxieties, these early Genevans were, on the whole, a merry people. ‘BUT—LET THERE BE NO MISTAKE ABOUT IT—THEY MADE MERRY IN THE MIDST OF FILTH AND EVIL SMELLS. ON THIS POINT WE HAVE UNIMPEACHABL INFORMATION IN THE SHAPE OF A RESCRIPT ISSUED BY THE CHAPTER OF THE CATHEDRAL AFTER CONFERENCE WITH THE VIDOMNE AND THE SYNDICS. TH CHAPTER COMPLAINS THAT TOO MANY CITIZENS DISPOSE OF THEIR SLOPS BY CARELESSLY THROWING THEM OUT OF WINDOW, AND ESTABLISH REFUSE-HEAPS OUTSIDE THEIR FRONT-DOORS—A NOISOME PRACTICE WHICH STILL PREVAILS IN MANY OF THE SWISS VILLAGES, THOUGH NO LONGER IN ANY OF THE SWI TOWNS. IT IS ALSO COMPLAINED THAT NEARLY EVERY MAN HAS A PIG-STY, AND LETS HIS PIGS RUN LOOSE IN THE STREETS FOR EXERCISE, AND THAT THERE IS A UNDUE PREVALENCE OF SUCH UNSAVOURY INDUSTRIES AS THE MELTING OF TALLOW AND THE BURNING OF THE HORNS OF CATTLE. ONE CAN IMAGINE THE NET RESULT OF THIS GREAT COMBINATION OF NUISANCES. IN A CITY OF MAGNIFICENT DISTANCES IT MIGHT HAVE PASSED. BAYSWATER, AT THE PRESENT DAY, LIVE IN IGNORANCE OF THE SMELLS OF BERMONDSEY. BUT IN GENEVA, WHEN GENEVA WAS ALMOST AS SMALL AS SANDWICH, ONE CAN UNDERSTAND THAT THE CONSEQUENCES WERE APPALLING TO THE NOSTRILS OF THE POLITE. THE FACT THAT THE CITY WAS SO OVERRUN WITH LEPERS AND BEGGARS THAT TWO LAZ HOUSES AND SEVEN hôpitaux—OR CASUAL WARDS, AS ONE MIGHT SAY—HAD TO BE PROVIDED FOR THEIR RECEPTION, ADDS SOMETHING, THOUGH NOT perhaps very much, to this unpleasant side of the picture. L’ÉGLISE DE LA MADELEINE, GENEVA ‘OUR ECCLESIASTICAL RESCRIPT FURTHER PROVES THAT WHILE THE GENEVANS WERE A MERRY AND A DIRTY, THEY WERE ALSO AN IMMORAL, PEOPLE. RECORDS THAT THEY ARE UNDULY ADDICTED TO THE GAME OF DICE, AND THAT THE OUTCOME OF THIS PASTIME IS “FRAUD, DECEPTION, THEFT, RAPINE, LI FIGHTS, BRAWLS, AND INSULTS, TO SAY NOTHING OF DAMNABLE BLASPHEMY”; AND IT ORDAINS THAT ANY MAN WHO “SWEARS WITHOUT NECESSITY” SHAL “TAKE OFF HIS HAT AND KNEEL DOWN IN THE PLACE OF HIS OFFENCE, AND CLASP HIS HANDS, AND KISS THE EARTH”—OR PAY A FINE OF THREE HALFPENCE IF HE FAIL TO DO SO. THEN IT PROCEEDS TO PROPOUND AN ELABORATE SCHEME FOR THE STATE REGULATION OF IMMORALITY, FORBIDDING CERTAIN INDULGENCES “TO CLERGYMEN AS WELL AS LAYMEN”; AND REQUIRING THE SOCIAL EVIL TO WEAR SOMETHING IN THE NATURE OF A SCARLET LETTER TO DISTINGUISH HER other women.’ CHAPTER II THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY OCCURRED THE TWO EVENTS WHICH SHAPED THE FUTURE OF GENEVA: REFORMATION THEOLOGY W accepted; political independence was achieved. GENEVA, IT SHOULD BE EXPLAINED, WAS A FIEF OF THE DUCHY OF SAVOY; OR SO, AT ALL EVENTS, THE DUKES OF SAVOY MAINTAINED, THOUGH THE CITIZENS WERE OF THE CONTRARY OPINION. THEIR VIEW WAS THAT THEY OWED ALLEGIANCE ONLY TO THEIR BISHOPS, WHO WERE THE VICEROYS OF TH HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR; AND EVEN THAT ALLEGIANCE WAS LIMITED BY THE TERMS OF A CHARTER GRANTED IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR’S NAME BY BISHOP ADHÉMAR DE FABRI. ALL WENT FAIRLY WELL UNTIL THE BISHOPS BEGAN TO PLAY INTO THE HANDS OF THE DUKES; BUT THEN THERE WAS FRICT WHICH RAPIDLY BECAME ACUTE. A REVOLUTIONARY PARTY—THE EIDGENOSSEN, OR CONFEDERATES—WAS FORMED. THERE WAS A DECLARATION OF Independence and a civil war. SO LONG AS THE GENEVANS STOOD ALONE, THE DUKE WAS TOO STRONG FOR THEM. HE MARCHED INTO THE TOWN IN THE STYLE OF A CONQUEROR, AND WREAKED HIS VENGEANCE ON AS MANY OF HIS ENEMIES AS HE COULD CATCH. HE CUT OFF THE HEAD OF PHILIBERT BERTHELIER, TO WHOM THERE STANDS A 4 5 6 7 9 10 MEMORIAL ON THE ISLAND IN THE RHONE; HE CAUSED JEAN PECOLAT TO BE HUNG UP IN AN ABSURD POSTURE IN HIS BANQUETING-HALL, IN ORDER THAT H MIGHT MOCK AT HIS DISCOMFORT WHILE HE DINED; HE EXECUTED, WITH OR WITHOUT PRELIMINARY TORTURE, SEVERAL LESS CONSPICUOUS PATRIOTS HAPPILY, HOWEVER, SOME OF THE PATRIOTS—NOTABLY BESANÇON HUGUES—GOT SAFELY AWAY, AND SUCCEEDED IN CONCLUDING TREATIES OF ALLIANCE BETWEEN GENEVA AND THE CANTONS OF BERNE AND FRIBOURG. THE MEN OF FRIBOURG MARCHED TO GENEVA, AND THE DUKE RETIRED. THE CITIZENS PASSED A RESOLUTION THAT HE SHOULD NEVER BE ALLOWED TO ENTER THE TOWN AGAIN, SEEING THAT HE ‘NEVER CAME THERE WITHOUT PLAYING THE CITIZ SOME DIRTY TRICK OR OTHER’; AND, THE MORE EFFECTUALLY TO PREVENT HIM FROM COMING, THEY PULLED DOWN THEIR SUBURBS AND REPAIRED THE ramparts, one member of every household being required to lend a hand for the purpose. THE LAST SNOW ON THE WOODED SLOPES PRESENTLY, OWING TO RELIGIOUS DISSENSIONS, FRIBOURG WITHDREW FROM THE ALLIANCE. BERNE, HOWEVER, ADHERED TO IT, AND, IN DUE COURSE, RESPONDED TO THE APPEAL FOR HELP BY SETTING AN ARMY OF SEVEN THOUSAND MEN IN MOTION. THE ROUTE OF THE SEVEN THOUSAND LAY THROUGH THE CANTON OF VAUD, THEN A PORTION OF THE DUKE’S DOMINIONS, GOVERNED FROM THE CASTLE OF CHILLON. MEETING WITH NO RESISTANCE SAVE AT YVERDON, THEY ANNEXED THE TERRITORY, PLACING GOVERNORS (OR baillis) OF THEIR OWN IN ITS VARIOUS STRONGHOLDS. THE GOVERNOR OF CHILLON FLED, LEAVING HIS GARRISON TO SURRENDER; AND IN ITS DEEPEST DUNGEON WAS FOUND THE FAMOUS PRISONER OF CHILLON, FRANÇOIS DE BONIVARD. FROM THAT time forward Geneva was a free republic, owing allegiance to no higher power. CHAPTER III THE REFORMATION THE REFORMATION OCCURRED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION; AND THE INFORMAL HISTORIAN, WHO IS UNDER NO COMPULSION TAKE A SIDE, IS INEVITABLY IMPRESSED LESS BY THE PIETY OF THE REFORMERS THAN BY THEIR UPROARIOUS BEHAVIOUR. THEIR LEADER—THE RINGLEADER IN THEIR DISTURBANCES—WAS FAREL, A HOT-HEADED FRENCHMAN FROM GAP, IN DAUPHINÉ. HE HOUNDED THE PEOPLE ON TO WRECK THE CHURCHES; HE INVADED THE PULPITS OF OTHER PREACHERS WITHOUT INVITATION, AND CONFUTED THEM THEREFROM; HE ONCE BROKE UP AN ECCLESIASTICAL PROCESSION AND, SNATCHING AN IMAGE OUT OF THE PRIEST’S HAND, THREW IT OVER THE BRIDGE INTO THE RIVER. MOREOVER, AS WAS NATURAL, HE INCLUDED AMONG HI DEVOTED FOLLOWERS MANY EVANGELISTS WHOSE ZEAL WAS, LIKE HIS OWN, CONSPICUOUSLY IN EXCESS OF THEIR DISCRETION. OF ONE OF THEM, PASTOR MALINGRE OF YVERDON, IT IS RECORDED BY A CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLER THAT ‘HIS METHODS WERE NOT VERY EVANGELICAL—HE USED TO CROWN THE Roman Catholic priests with cow-dung.’ REFORM WAS ALREADY IN THE AIR WHEN FAREL CAME TO GENEVA TO PREACH. THE NEW DOCTRINE HAD BEEN BRUITED ABROAD BY PEDLARS FROM NUREMBERG, WHO ATE MEAT ON FRIDAYS, AND EXPRESSED THE OPINION THAT ‘THE MEMBERS OF THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS OUGHT TO BE SET TO WORK IN THE FIELDS, THAT THE SAINTS WERE DEAD AND DONE FOR, AND THAT IT WAS NONSENSE TO PRAY TO THEM, SEEING THAT THEY COULD RENDER NO ASSISTANCE SO WE READ IN BONIVARD’S ‘CHRONICLE’; BUT, EVEN SO, GENEVA WAS NOT QUITE PREPARED TO RECEIVE FAREL WITH OPEN ARMS. HE WAS HALED BEFORE AN ECCLESIASTICAL COURT, AND ACCUSED OF PREACHING THE GOSPEL IN AN INAPPROPRIATE COSTUME—‘GOT UP LIKE A GENDARME OR A BRIGAND.’ ONE BURLY MONK GAVE HIM A ‘COUP DE PIED, QUELQUE PART,’ AND THE MONKS COLLECTIVELY PROPOSED TO THROW HIM INTO THE RHONE; AND, THOUGH THE LAITY PROTECTED HIM FROM CLERICAL VIOLENCE, THE SYNDIC ORDERED HIM TO QUIT THE TOWN WITHIN SIX HOURS, AS AN ALTERNATI BEING BURNT ALIVE. HE WENT, AND THREE YEARS PASSED BEFORE HE RETURNED AND TRIUMPHED IN A THEOLOGICAL DISPUTATION HELD IN THE GREAT HALL the Couvent de la Rive. THE RESULT OF THAT DISPUTATION WAS, AS HAS BEEN WRITTEN, THAT ‘RELIGIOUS LIBERTY WAS TAKEN AWAY FROM THE ROMAN CATHOLICS AND GIVEN TO THE PROTESTANTS.’ THE CELEBRATION OF THE MASS, SO RECENTLY A SOLEMN DUTY, NOW BECAME A HIGH CRIME AND MISDEMEANOUR; AND THE VICTORIOUS REFORMERS PROCEEDED, LIKE THE FRENCH ANTI-CLERICALS OF OUR OWN DAY, TO THE EXPULSION OF MONKS AND NUNS. THE FIRST TO GO WERE THE SISTERS OF THE CONVENT OF SAINTE-CLAIRE, FOUNDED IN 1476 BY YOLANDE, WIFE OF DUKE AMADEUS IX. OF SAVOY AND SISTER OF LOUIS XI. OF FRANCE. WE HAVE A FULL ACCOUNT OF THEIR EJECTION FROM THE PEN OF ONE OF THEM, SISTER JEANNE DE JUSSIE, AFTERWARDS LADY SUPERIOR OF A convent at Annecy. CHAPTER IV THE EXPULSIONS OF THE NUNS 11 13 14 15 17 The Sisters had long been exposed to annoyance by Reformers of the baser sort. One such Reformer, having occasion to call at the CONVENT ON SOME MUNICIPAL BUSINESS, HAD INSISTED ON WASHING HIS HANDS IN THE HOLY WATER, AND HAD BOASTED, WHEN HE GOT OUTSIDE, THAT HE HAD BEEN PRIVILEGED TO KISS THE NUNS ALL ROUND—‘A FOUL LIE,’ SAYS SISTER JEANNE, ‘FOR HE DID NOT EVEN ATTEMPT TO KISS ANY ONE OF US.’ ANOTHER REFORMER HAD PREACHED AGAINST THEM, DECLARING THAT THEY OUGHT TO BE ‘TURNED OUT AND COMPELLED TO MARRY IN ACCORDANCE WI THE COMMANDMENT OF GOD’; AND THE CONGREGATION HAD BEEN SO IMPRESSED BY THE DISCOURSE THAT THE YOUNGER MEN AMONG THE WORSHIPPERS had climbed up on to the convent wall, and sat there singing amorous songs for the edification of the inmates. NO OFFICIAL ACTION WAS TAKEN, HOWEVER, UNTIL AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF THE DISPUTATION ABOVE REFERRED TO, THOUGH THEN IT FOLLOWED QUICKLY. FIFTEEN REFORMERS, INCLUDING FAREL AND VIRET, CALLED AT THE CONVENT, DECLINED THE INVITATION TO SAY WHAT THEY HAD TO SAY THR the grating, but threatened to force the door if they were not admitted. The door was opened to them, therefore, and all the Sisters being SUMMONED BEFORE THEM IN THE CHAPTER-HOUSE, FAREL ‘SPOKE IN TERMS OF VITUPERATION OF THE HOLY CLOISTER, OF RELIGION, OF CHASTITY, AND O VIRGINITY, IN A WAY THAT WENT TO THE HEARTS OF THE POOR SISTERS.’ THE OTHERS KEPT SILENCE, BUT MÈRE VICAIRE PROTESTED, INTERRUPTED, A screamed. Our narrative proceeds: ‘She stationed herself between the Sisters and the young men, saying: ‘“SINCE YOUR PREACHER IS SUCH A HOLY MAN, WHY DON’T YOU TREAT HIM WITH RESPECT AND OBEDIENCE? YOU’RE A PACK OF YOUNG RASCALS, but you won’t make any progress here.” ‘Whereat they were all indignant, and exclaimed: ‘“What the devil is the matter with the woman? Are you mad? Go back to your place.” ‘“I won’t,” she said, “until these young men leave the Sisters alone!”’ SO MÈRE VICAIRE WAS PUT OUT OF THE ROOM; AND THE PREACHER RESUMED HIS DISCOURSE ON THE INSTITUTION OF MATRIMONY. WE READ THAT ‘when he REFERRED TO THE CORRUPTION OF THE FLESH, THE SISTERS BEGAN TO SCREAM’; AND THAT WHEN HE SPOKE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF MARRIED LIFE THE MÈRE VICAIRE, WHO WAS LISTENING AT THE KEY-HOLE, BEGAN TO BATTER AT THE PANELS, EXCLAIMING: ‘DON’T YOU LISTEN TO HIM, MY SISTERS; DON YOU LISTEN TO HIM.’ SO, AFTER LABOURING AT THE CONVERSION OF THE SISTERS FROM TEN O’CLOCK IN THE MORNING UNTIL FIVE O’CLOCK IN THE AFTERN THE REFORMERS RETIRED DISCOMFITED. A CROWD OF THREE HUNDRED PERSONS WAS WAITING FOR THEM OUTSIDE THE GATE, PREPARED TO OFFER MARRIAGE TO ANY NUN WHOM THEY MIGHT HAVE PERSUADED TO ACCOMPANY THEM; BUT THEY CAME FORTH ALONE, THE LAST TO LEAVE BEING THUMPED ON THE back by a nun who desired to hurry his departure. IT TRANSPIRED, HOWEVER, THAT ONE OF THE SISTERS—‘THE ILL-ADVISED SISTER BLASINE’—HAD BEEN CONVERTED BY THE REFORMERS’ ARGUMENTS THE OTHER NUNS TRIED TO DETAIN HER, BUT THE CITIZENS BROKE INTO THE CONVENT AND FETCHED HER OUT IN TRIUMPH, AND ALSO INSISTED THAT CONVENT SHOULD PROVIDE HER WITH A DOWRY AND PAY HER DAMAGES FOR THE DISCIPLINARY WHIPPINGS INFLICTED UPON HER DURING HER MEMBERSHIP OF THE ORDER. IT WAS THE CULMINATING OUTRAGE. THE NUNS DECIDED TO LEAVE GENEVA, AND THE LADY SUPERIOR APPLIED TO THE SYNDIC FOR AN armed escort. THE REQUEST WAS GRANTED, AND THE ‘DOLOROUS DEPARTURE’ BEGAN. THREE HUNDRED SOLDIERS WERE TURNED OUT TO SEE THE SISTERS SAFELY ACROSS THE BRIDGE OVER THE ARVE, WHERE THE TERRITORY OF GENEVA ENDED. IT WAS THE FIRST TIME SINCE THEIR TAKING OF THE VEIL THAT T HAD BEEN OUTSIDE THE CONVENT WALLS, AND SOME OF THEM HAD SPENT ALL THEIR LIVES IN THE CLOISTER AND GROWN OLD THERE, SO THAT THEY WERE IN fit state to travel thus on foot. Let Sister Jeanne tell us what befell them: GENEVA FROM THE ARVE ‘TRULY IT WAS A PITIFUL THING TO SEE THIS HOLY COMPANY IN SUCH CONDITION, SO OVERCOME BY PAIN AND TOIL THAT SEVERAL OF THEM BROKE DOWN AND FAINTED BY THE WAY—AND THAT ON A RAINY DAY AND IN A MUDDY ROAD, AND WITH NO MEANS OF GETTING OUT OF THEIR TROUBLE, FOR THE WERE ALL ON FOOT, EXCEPT FOUR INVALIDS WHO WERE IN A CART. THERE WERE SIX POOR AGED SISTERS, WHO HAD BEEN FOR SIXTEEN YEARS MEMBERS OF THE ORDER, AND TWO WHO FOR SIXTY-SIX YEARS HAD NEVER BEEN OUTSIDE THE CONVENT GATE. THE FRESH AIR WAS TOO MUCH FOR THEM. THEY FAINTED AWAY; AND WHEN THEY SAW THE BEASTS OF THE FIELDS, THEY WERE TERRIFIED, THINKING THAT THE COWS WERE BEARS, AND THAT THE SHEEP WERE RAVENING WOLVES. THOSE WHO MET THEM COULD NOT FIND WORDS TO EXPRESS THEIR COMPASSION FOR THEM; AND, THOUGH THE MÈRE VICAIRE HAD given each Sister a stout pair of boots to keep her feet dry, the greater number of them would not walk in boots, but carried them tied to THEIR GIRDLES, AND IN THIS WAY IT TOOK THEM FROM FIVE O’CLOCK IN THE MORNING UNTIL NEARLY NIGHTFALL TO REACH SAINT JULIEN, THOUGH THE DIST less than a league.’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‘REQUIRE THE CITIZENS TO ATTEND SERMONS AGAINST THEIR WILL,’ AND DEMANDING ‘LIBERTY TO LIVE AS THEY CHOSE WITHOUT REFERENCE TO WHAT WAS SAID by the preachers.’ Calvin, after much hesitation, consented, and so a new era began. IT WAS NOT THE WORK OF A DAY. CALVIN BEGAN ENERGETICALLY ENOUGH, ADMONISHING BONIVARD FOR UNDUE FAMILIARITY WITH HIS SERVANT-MAID STANDING A GAMBLER IN THE PILLORY WITH A PACK OF CARDS HUNG ROUND HIS NECK, IMPRISONING A HAIRDRESSER FOR MAKING A CLIENT LOOK TOO beautiful, and endeavouring to throw ridicule upon conjugal infidelity by obliging an offender to ride round the town on a donkey. But the RECALCITRANTS FOUGHT STUBBORNLY FOR THE RIGHT OF LIVING AS THEY CHOSE. THE PEOPLE WHO WANTED TO LIVE DISSOLUTE LIVES ALLIED THEMSELVES THE PEOPLE WHO WANTED UNLEAVENED BREAD TO BE USED FOR THE HOLY COMMUNION; AND THE COALITION WAS POWERFUL ENOUGH TO GET CALVIN AND Farel first forbidden to meddle with politics, and then ordered to leave the town within three days. THEY WERE NO SOONER GONE, HOWEVER, THAN THEY BEGAN TO BE MISSED. THE DISORDERS, RAMPANT DURING THEIR ABSENCE, BECAME INTOLERABLE, AND THERE WAS SOME DANGER THAT THE DUKE OF SAVOY MIGHT SEE HIS WAY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THEM. A MAJORITY OF THE CITIZEN CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT STRICT REGULATIONS WERE TO BE PREFERRED TO INSECURITY, AND THEY SENT AMBASSADORS TO CALVIN, INVITING HIM RETURN, AND TO ‘STAY WITH THEM FOR EVER BECAUSE OF HIS GREAT LEARNING.’ HE AGREED TO DO SO, AND THEY VOTED HIM A SMALL BUT SUFFICIEN SALARY, AND GAVE HIM A STRIP OF CLOTH TO MAKE HIM A NEW GOWN. IN RETURN, HE DRAFTED FOR THEIR ACCEPTANCE A NEW AND ORIGINAL CONSTITUTIO WHEREBY THE MORALS, AND EVEN THE MANNERS, OF THE COMMUNITY WERE PLACED UNDER ECCLESIASTICAL SUPERVISION. THAT WAS THE FAMOUS THEOCRACY, ESTABLISHED IN 1541, WHICH SEEMED TO JOHN KNOX TO MAKE GENEVA ‘THE MOST PERFECT SCHOOL OF CHRIST THAT EVER WAS IN THE EARTH SINCE THE DAYS OF THE APOSTLES.’ A RECITAL OF A FEW OF THE ENACTMENTS, TAKEN FROM A CONTEMPORARY TRANSLATION ENTITLED ‘THE LA and Statutes of Geneva,’ will be the most simple means of presenting the picture of the social life of the town under the regime: ‘THE LAWS AND STATUTES OF GENEVA. ‘ITEM, THAT NONE SHALL PLAY OR RUN IDLY IN THE STREETS DURING THE TIME OF SERMONS ON SUNDAYS, NOR DAYS OF PRAYER, NOR TO OPEN THE shops during the sermon time under pain without any favour.’ ‘ITEM, THAT NO MAN, OF WHAT ESTATE, QUALITY, OR CONDITION SOEVER HE BE, DARETH BE SO HARDY TO MAKE, OR CAUSE TO BE MADE, OR WEAR hosen or doublets, cut, jagged, embroidered, or lined with silk, upon pain to forfeit.’ ‘Item, that no Citizen, Burger, or Inhabitant of this City dareth be so hardy to go from henceforth to eat or drink in any Tavern.’ ‘Item, that none be so hardy to walk by night in the Town after nine of the clock, without candle-light and also a lawful cause.’ ‘ITEM, THAT NO MANNER OF PERSON, OF WHAT ESTATE, QUALITY OR CONDITION SOEVER THEY BE, SHALL WEAR ANY CHAINS OF GOLD OR SILVER, BU THOSE WHICH HAVE BEEN ACCUSTOMED TO WEAR THEM SHALL PUT THEM OFF, AND WEAR THEM NO MORE UPON PAIN OF THREE SCORE SHILLINGS FOR EVERY time.’ ‘ITEM, THAT NO WOMEN, OF WHAT QUALITY OR CONDITION SOEVER THEY BE, SHALL WEAR ANY VERDINGALES, GOLD UPON HER HEAD, QUOISES OF GOLD, billiments or such like, neither any manner of embroidery upon her sleeves.’ THE BAY OF MEILLERIE ‘ITEM, THAT NO MANNER OF PERSON, WHATSOEVER THEY BE, MAKING BRIDE-ALES, BANQUETS, OR FEASTS SHALL HAVE ABOVE THREE COURSES OR SERVICES TO THE SAID FEASTS, AND TO EVERY COURSE OR SERVICE NOT ABOVE FOUR DISHES, AND YET NOT EXCESSIVE, UPON PAIN OF THREE SCORE SHILLINGS for every time, fruit excepted.’ ‘ITEM, THAT NO MANNER OF MEN SHALL GO TO THE BATHS APPOINTED FOR WOMEN, AND ALSO WOMEN NOT TO GO TO THOSE THAT BE APPOINTED FOR men.’ ‘ITEM, THAT NO MANNER OF PERSON DO SING ANY VAIN, DISHONEST OR RIBALDRY SONGS, NEITHER DO DANCE, NOR MAKE MASQUES, MUMMERIES, OR any disguisings in no manner or sort whatsoever it be, upon pain to be put three days in prison with bread and water.’ ‘ITEM, THAT ALL HOSTS AND HOSTESSES SHALL ADVERTISE THEIR GUESTS, AND EXPRESSLY FORBID THEM NOT TO BE OUT OF THEIR LODGING AFTER Trumpet sound to the Watch or ringing of the Bell (which is at nine of the clock), upon pain of the indignation of the Lords.’ ‘ITEM, THAT ALL HOSTS AND OTHERS SHALL MAKE THEIR PRAYERS TO GOD, AND GIVE THANKS BEFORE MEAT AND AFTER UPON PAIN OF FORTY SHILLIN AND FOR EVERY TIME BEING FOUND OR PROVED, AND IF THE HOSTS OR HOSTESSES BE FOUND NEGLIGENT AND NOT DOING IT, TO BE PUNISHED FURTHER AS the case requireth.’ ‘ITEM, THAT NONE DO ENTERPRISE TO DO, SAY, NOR CONTRACT ANYTHING OUT OF THIS CITY THAT HE DARE NOT DO OR SAY WITHIN THE SAM concerning the Law of God and Reformation of the Gospel, upon pain to be punished according as the case requireth.’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ord. NOT EVERYBODY, OF COURSE, APPROVED OF SUCH ELABORATE INTERFERENCE WITH LIBERTY. THE FRIENDS OF LIBERTY RESISTED IT AS LONG AS THEY COULD, AND THEIR METHODS OF RESISTANCE WERE NOT PASSIVE. THEY SET THEIR DOGS AT CALVIN; THEY OPENLY RIDICULED HIM; THEY CAME DRUNK TO CHURCH AND BRAWLED. BUT CALVIN WAS A MATCH FOR THEM. PIERRE AMAULX, WHO SAID OF HIM THAT HE ‘THOUGHT AS MUCH OF HIMSELF AS IF HE WERE A BISHOP,’ WAS COMPELLED TO APOLOGIZE, BAREHEADED, IN PUBLIC; AND ALL THOSE WHO TRIED, AS CALVIN PUT IT, TO ‘THROW OFF THE YOKE OF THE GOSPEL’ CAME TO A BAD END. ONE OF THEM, RAOUL MONNET, WAS BEHEADED FOR INVITING YOUNG MEN TO LOOK AT INDECOROUS PICTURES; AND THE PARTY WAS ULTIMATELY BROKEN UP AS THE RESULT OF A ROW IN THE STREETS. THEY WERE VERY DRUNK, AND WERE THREATENING CERTAIN OF T REFORMERS WITH VIOLENCE, WHEN SYNDIC AUBERT, HEARING THEIR NOISE, CAME OUT AND FACED THEM IN HIS NIGHTGOWN, CARRYING HIS STAFF OF OFFICE IN ONE HAND AND A LIGHTED CANDLE IN THE OTHER. THUS ATTIRED AND EQUIPPED, HE PLACED HIMSELF AT THE HEAD OF THE WATCH, SUMMONED THE SOLDIERS TO HIS AID, AND PUT THE RIOTERS TO ROUT. SOME OF THEM WERE KILLED IN THE SCUFFLE; OTHERS WERE CAPTURED, TRIED, AND EXECUTED; WH the remnant escaped into the country, where, for a period, they eked out a precarious existence by means of highway robbery. FROM THAT TIME FORWARD CALVIN’S SUPREMACY WAS UNDISPUTED. THE PRINCIPAL USE WHICH HE MADE OF IT WAS TO BURN SERVETUS; BUT THAT IS A THORNY BRANCH OF THE SUBJECT INTO WHICH IT IS BETTER NOT TO ENTER. OUR MODERN CALVINISTS DO NOT, INDEED, HOLD THAT SERVETUS DESERVED BE BURNT, BUT THEY DO SOMETIMES MAINTAIN THAT CALVIN DID NO GREAT HARM IN BURNING HIM. THERE MIGHT BE SOME RISK OF PUTTING THEM TO CONFUSION IF THE TOPIC WERE PURSUED; AND THIS IS NOT A CONTROVERSIAL WORK. WE SHALL BE ON SAFER GROUND IF WE TURN ASIDE TO CONSIDER Calvin’s services to the State as an educationist. CHAPTER VII THE UNIVERSITY IN OLD GENEVA EDUCATION HAD BEEN NEGLECTED. EMPEROR CHARLES IV. HAD OFFERED THE CITIZENS A UNIVERSITY IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTUR AND THE OFFER HAD BEEN REJECTED FOR FEAR, IT WAS ALLEGED, LEST THE STUDENTS SHOULD BEHAVE UPROARIOUSLY. THE FIRST PUBLIC SCHOOL WAS NO OPENED IN THE TOWN UNTIL 1429. IT LASTED FOR ABOUT A HUNDRED YEARS, AND THEN FELL UPON EVIL TIMES DURING AN EPIDEMIC OF THE PLAGUE. TH HEAD MASTER RAN AWAY FROM THE CONTAGION, AND THE CITY COUNCIL ORDERED THE BUILDING TO BE CLOSED, ON THE GROUND THAT THE CHILDREN WE KNOCKING IT TO PIECES. THEN, IN 1535, AFTER THE PROTESTANTS HAD GAINED THE UPPER HAND, THE ÉCOLE DE LA RIVE WAS ESTABLISHED IN THE CONVENT FROM WHICH THE CORDELIERS HAD BEEN EXPELLED. THE FIRST HEAD-MASTER WAS ANTOINE SAULNIER, A DAUPHINÉ REFORMER, AND HIS prospectus ran as follows: ‘IN OUR SCHOOL THE LECTURES BEGIN AT FIVE O’CLOCK IN THE MORNING AND CONTINUE UNTIL TEN, WHICH IS OUR USUAL DINNER HOUR. THE ORDINARY CURRICULUM CONSISTS OF INSTRUCTION IN THE THREE MOST EXCELLENT LANGUAGES, GREEK, HEBREW, AND LATIN, NOT TO MENTION THE FRENCH LANGU WHICH, IN THE OPINION OF THE LEARNED, IS BY NO MEANS TO BE DESPISED. WE HOPE THAT, THE LORD HELPING US, THE TIME WILL COME WHEN WE SHALL also teach rhetoric and dialectic.’ EVIAN LES BAINS, HTE. SAVOIE CALVIN, HOWEVER, WANTED SOMETHING BETTER THAN THE ÉCOLE DE LA RIVE. HE FOUND A MEANS, THEREFORE, OF FOUNDING A UNIVERSITY, AND PLACED THÉODORE DE BÈZE (OF WHOM MORE PRESENTLY) AT THE HEAD OF IT AS RECTOR. IT WAS, AT FIRST, AS MARK PATTISON CLEARLY PROVED IN HI ‘LIFE OF ISAAC CASAUBON,’ LITTLE MORE THAN A GRAMMAR SCHOOL, CULMINATING IN A THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE; BUT IT SOON EXPANDED, AND IS ST EXPANDING. NOWADAYS, INDEED, HOUSED IN COMMODIOUS NEW BUILDINGS, IT FURNISHES INSTRUCTION IN ALMOST EVERY IMAGINABLE BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE, AND SPECIALLY FAVOURS STUDIES OF A UTILITARIAN CHARACTER; BUT THE ORIGINAL PROGRAMME WAS CONFINED TO THE HUMANE LETTERS, 29 30 31 33 34 FUNDS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE INSTITUTION BEING RAISED WITH DIFFICULTY, AND BY MEANS OF INGENIOUS FISCAL DEVICES, HARDLY TO BE HELD UP the imitation of modern fiscal reformers. ONE DEVICE WAS TO EAR-MARK FOR THE UNIVERSITY CHEST ALL THE FINES IMPOSED UPON LAW-BREAKERS. THOSE WHO GAVE SHORT MEASURE IN THE MARKET, AND THOSE WHO SPOKE EVIL OF THE MAGISTRATES, WERE ALIKE MULCTED IN THE INTERESTS OF LEARNING; THE HEAVIEST CONTRIBUTION W THAT EXACTED FROM A BOOKSELLER CONVICTED OF HAVING CHARGED AN EXCESSIVE PRICE FOR A COPY OF THE PSALMS OF DAVID. A SECOND METHOD CONSISTED IN SUMMONING ALL THE NOTARIES OF THE TOWN BEFORE THE COUNCIL, AND INSTRUCTING THEM, WHEN ANY CITIZEN CALLED THEM IN TO MAKE WILL, TO IMPRESS UPON THE TESTATOR THE DESIRABILITY OF BEQUEATHING SOMETHING TO THE UNIVERSITY; THE RESULT WAS A TOTAL GAIN OF 1,074 FLO INCLUDING 312 FLORINS FROM ROBERT ESTIENNE, THE PRINTER, AND 5 SOUS FROM A POOR WOMAN IN THE BAKING BUSINESS. A THIRD CONTRIVANCE WAS to suppress a public banquet, and require the cost, estimated at 100 florins, to be handed to the University authorities. IN THIS WAY THE UNIVERSITY—SUCH AS IT WAS—WAS STARTED, WITH CLASS-ROOMS FOR THE SCHOLARS AND APARTMENTS FOR THE PROFESSORS, WHO WERE ALLOWED TO SUPPLEMENT THEIR INCOMES BY TAKING BOARDERS. EVERYTHING WAS POORLY DONE, HOWEVER, AND NOBODY APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN COMFORTABLE. COMPLAINTS OF ONE SORT AND ANOTHER ARE RECORDED, IN LARGE NUMBERS, IN THE REGISTER OF THE COUNCIL. FOR ONE THING, THERE WAS NO HEATING APPARATUS, BUT ‘THE TEACHERS USED TO KEEP UP CHARCOAL FIRES AT THEIR OWN EXPENSE, AND REQUIRE EVERY PUPIL TO PAY SOMETHING TOWARDS THEM.’ FOR ANOTHER THING, THERE WAS NO GLASS IN THE WINDOWS, AND WE READ THAT ‘AS TO THE REQUEST OF THE PRINCIPAL TH GLASS WINDOWS SHALL BE PLACED IN THE CLASS-ROOMS, IT IS DECIDED THAT THIS SHALL NOT BE DONE, BUT THAT THE SCHOLARS MAY, IF THEY LIKE, FILL THE APERTURES WITH PAPER.’ THE TEACHERS, TOO, WERE CONSTANTLY EXPRESSING DISSATISFACTION WITH THE ACCOMMODATION PROVIDED FOR THEM. AS EARLY AS 1559 WE HAVE ONE OF THEM APPLYING FOR A MORE COMMODIOUS LODGING, ON THE GROUND THAT ‘GOD HAS CALLED HIM TO THE ESTATE OF matrimony.’ A little later we come upon this note: ‘CLAUDE BRIDET REQUESTED PERMISSION TO LODGE ABOVE THE TOWER, WHERE M. CHEVALIER, LECTURER IN HEBREW, USED TO LIVE, FOR THE SAKE OF HIS HEALTH, AND BECAUSE THE LOWER GROUND IS DAMP. DECIDED THAT HE MUST BE SATISFIED WITH HIS PRESENT APARTMENT, AND THAT THE PLACE TO which he refers shall be kept for someone else.’ IN SPITE OF DISCOMFORT, HOWEVER, HARD WORK WAS THE ORDER OF THE DAY. A LETTER HAS BEEN PRESERVED FROM M. DE BÈZE, THE RECTOR OF the University, to THE PARENT OF A PUPIL, IN WHICH HE SAYS: ‘I FEAR I SHALL BE ABLE TO MAKE NOTHING OF YOUR SON, FOR, IN SPITE OF MY ENTREATIES, HE REFUSES TO WORK MORE THAN FOURTEEN HOURS A DAY.’ THE ORDINARY CURRICULUM DID NOT CALL FOR QUITE SUCH PERSISTENT APPLICATION AS THAT, was, none the less, sufficiently severe. THE DAY BEGAN, AT 7 A.M., WITH PRAYERS, ROLL-CALL, AND LESSONS. AT 8.30 THERE WAS HALF AN HOUR’S REST, DURING WHICH THE PUPILS WERE INSTRUCTED TO ‘EAT BREAD, PRAYING WHILE THEY DID SO, WITHOUT MAKING A NOISE.’ FROM 9 TO 10 THERE WERE MORE LESSONS, TERMINATING WITH MORE PRAYERS; FROM 10 TO 11 THE SCHOLARS DINED; FROM 11 TO 12 THEY SANG PSALMS; FROM 12 TO 1 THERE WERE FURTHER LESSONS, INAUGURATED BY PRAYER; FROM 1 TO 2 THERE WAS A QUIET TIME DEVOTED TO EATING, WRITING, AND INFORMAL STUDY; FROM 2 TO 4 THERE WAS A FINAL INSTALMENT lessons; and at 4 there was punishment parade in the great college hall. THE PUNISHMENTS WERE MAINLY CORPORAL, AND WERE INFLICTED SO FREQUENTLY THAT THE MILDER PROFESSORS PROTESTED. ‘THE DAILY FUSTIGATIONS,’ SAID MATHURIN CORDIER, ‘DISGUST THE CHILDREN WITH THE STUDY OF THE HUMANE LETTERS; MOREOVER, THEIR SKINS GET HARDENED L THE DONKEYS’, AND THEY NO LONGER FEEL THE STRIPES.’ IT SHOULD BE ADDED, HOWEVER, THAT THE STRIPES WERE NOT SO OFTEN INFLICTED FOR NEGLECT OF THE HUMANE LETTERS AS FOR MISBEHAVIOUR IN CHURCH. THE CHILDREN HAD TO ATTEND THREE SERVICES EVERY SUNDAY AND ONE EVERY WEDNESDAY, IN ADDITION TO THE FREQUENT DAILY PRAYERS AT SCHOOL. THEY TALKED AND PLAYED, AS CHILDREN WILL, TO THE SCANDAL OF THEIR ELDERS, AND THEY PL TRUANT WHENEVER THEY SAW A CHANCE. IT MUST BE ADMITTED TO BE AN INDICATION OF IMPERFECT DISCIPLINE THAT THESE PECCADILLOES WERE OFTE SOLEMNLY REVIEWED BEFORE THE TOWN COUNCIL, INSTEAD OF BEING SUMMARILY DEALT WITH AT A COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE IN THE HEAD-MASTER STUDY. THE COUNCILLORS, HOWEVER, SHOWED NO SENTIMENTAL TENDENCY TO SPARE THE ROD. THEY MIGHT FINE OFFENDERS WHOM THEIR POLICE CAUGHT IN THE STREETS WHEN THEY OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN AVAILING THEMSELVES OF THE MEANS OF GRACE; BUT THEY ALSO VERY GENERALLY TURNED THEM OVER THE SCHOLASTIC AUTHORITIES TO BE WHIPPED. A TYPICAL CASE IS THAT OF TWO LADS WHO WERE CAUGHT PLAYING QUOITS ON THE RAMPARTS DURING TH hours of Divine service on a Sunday morning. THE GLACIERS DES BOSSONS, CHAMONIX ‘RESOLVED,’ RUNS THE ENTRY, ‘TO HAND THEM OVER TO M. DE BÈZE, THAT HE MAY CAUSE THEM TO BE GIVEN SUCH A FUSTIGATION AS WILL PREVENT them from doing it again.’ CHAPTER VIII PROFESSOR ANDREW MELVILL IT DOES NOT APPEAR THAT THE FUSTIGATIONS AT FIRST FORMED BRILLIANT SCHOLARS. THE UNIVERSITY WAS, FOR A LONG TIME, MORE FAMOUS FOR PROFESSORS THAN FOR ITS PUPILS. FEW LEARNED MEN, AT THAT PERIOD, WERE REGARDED AS PROPHETS IN THEIR OWN COUNTRIES; AND A GOODLY 35 36 37 38 39 PROPORTION OF THOSE WHO WERE SO REGARDED HAD TO EMIGRATE FOR FEAR OF BEING STONED. MANY OF THE FUGITIVES SETTLED AT GENEVA, AND TAUGH THERE; AND THE READINESS OF THE WELCOME ACCORDED TO THE MEN WHO WERE CONSIDERED SUITABLE MAY BE ILLUSTRATED FROM THE CAREER OF ANDREW MELVILL, THE SCOTTISH SCHOLAR, WHO SUBSEQUENTLY REFORMED THE SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, AND WENT TO PROFESS THEOLOGY AT SEDA Andrew Melvill had been teaching in a college at Poictiers, and the town had been besieged by the Huguenots. Then— ‘THE SIEGE OF THE TOWN BEING RAISED, HE LEFT POICTIERS, AND ACCOMPANIED BY A FRENCHMAN, HE TOOK JOURNEY TO GENEVA, LEAVING BOOKS and all THERE, AND CARRIED NOTHING WITH HIM BUT A LITTLE HEBREW BIBLE IN HIS BELT. SO HE CAME TO GENEVA, ALL UPON FOOT, AND AS HE HAD DON BEFORE FROM DIEPPE TO PARIS, AND FROM THAT TO POICTIERS; FOR HE WAS SMALL AND LIGHT OF BODY, BUT FULL OF SPIRITS, VIGOROUS, AND COURAGEOU HIS COMPANIONS OF THE WAY, WHEN THEY CAME TO THE INN, WOULD LIE DOWN LIKE TIRED DOGS, BUT HE WOULD OUT AND SIGHT THE TOWNS AND VILLAGES, WHITHERSOEVER THEY CAME. THE PORTS OF GENEVA WERE CAREFULLY KEPT, BECAUSE OF THE TROUBLES OF FRANCE, AND THE MULTITUDE O strangers that came. Being therefore inquired what they were, the Frenchman, his companion, answered: ‘“We are poor scholars.” ‘But Mr. Andrew, perceiving that they had no wish for poor folks, being already overlaid therewith, said: ‘“NO, NO; WE ARE NOT POOR! WE HAVE AS MUCH AS WILL PAY FOR ALL WE TAKE AS LONG AS WE TARRY. WE HAVE LETTERS FROM HIS ACQUAINTANCE to Monsieur de Bèze; let us deliver those, we crave no further.” ‘AND SO, BEING CONVOYED TO BEZA AND THEN TO THEIR LODGING, BEZA PERCEIVING HIM A SCHOLAR, AND THEY HAVING NEED OF A PROFESSOR OF HUMANITY IN THE COLLEGE, PUT HIM WITHIN TWO OR THREE DAYS TO TRIAL IN VIRGIL AND HOMER; WHEREIN HE COULD ACQUIT HIMSELF SO WELL THAT WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, HE IS PLACED IN THAT ROOM OF PROFESSION; AND AT HIS FIRST ENTRY A QUARTER’S FEE IS PAID HIM IN HAND. SO THAT HOWBE THERE WAS BUT A CROWN TO THE FORE BETWIXT THEM BOTH, AND THE FRENCHMAN WEAK-SPIRITED AND WIST NOT WHAT TO DO, YET HE FOUND GOD’ providence to relieve both himself and help his companion till he was provided.’ There follows a picture of Melvill’s life in the city: ‘IN GENEVA HE ABODE FIVE YEARS; DURING THE WHICH TIME HIS CHIEF STUDY WAS DIVINITY, WHEREON HE HEARD BEZA’S DAILY LESSONS AND PREACHINGS; CORNELIUS BONAVENTURA, PROFESSOR OF THE HEBREW, CHALDAIC, AND SYRIAC LANGUAGES; PORTUS, A GREEK BORN, PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK TONGUE, WITH WHOM HE WOULD REASON ABOUT THE RIGHT PRONUNCIATION THEREOF; FOR THE GREEK PRONOUNCED IT AFTER THE COMMON FORM keeping the accents; the which Mr. Andrew controlled by precepts and reason, till the Greek would grow angry and cry out: ‘“Vos Scoti, vos barbari! docebitis nos Græcos pronunciationem linguæ nostræ, scilicet?” ‘HE HEARD THERE ALSO FRANCIS HOTMAN, THE RENOWNEDST LAWYER IN HIS TIME. THERE HE WAS WELL ACQUAINTED WITH MY UNCLE, MR. HENRY Scrymgeour, WHO, BY HIS LEARNING IN THE LAWS AND POLICY AND SERVICE OF MANY NOBLE PRINCES, HAD ATTAINED TO GREAT RICHES, ACQUIRED A PRETTY PLOT OF GROUND WITHIN A LEAGUE OF GENEVA, AND BUILT THEREON A TRIM HOUSE CALLED “THE VILET,” AND A FAIR LODGING WITHIN THE TOW which, with a daughter, his only born, he left to the Syndics of the town.’ CHAPTER IX THÉODORE DE BÈZE CALVIN DIED AND WAS BURIED WITH HIS FATHERS—NOT BEFORE IT WAS TIME, IN THE OPINION OF A GOOD MANY OF HIS CRITICS—AND WAS succeeded in the dictatorship by Théodore de Bèze, whose name is commonly latinized as Beza. THE TWO MEN HAD ALWAYS WORKED WELL TOGETHER; BUT THEY DIFFERED WIDELY BOTH IN THEIR ANTECEDENTS AND IN THEIR DISPOSITIONS. CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN FROM HIS EARLIEST YEARS, HAD HAD NO HOT YOUTH, NO UNREGENERATE DAYS. MONSIEUR DE BÈZE, BORN OF A GOOD OLD BURGUNDIAN FAMILY, HAD BEEN A MAN OF THE WORLD BEFORE HE BECAME A MAN OF GOD; BEFORE HE VERSIFIED THE PSALMS HE HAD WRITTEN VERSES WHICH HIS ENEMIES DESCRIBED AS INDECOROUS; WHEN HE ENROLLED HIMSELF AMONG THE REFORMERS, THE FIRST PERSON WHOM HE HAD TO REFORM WAS HIMSELF; FOR, THOUGH THERE DOES NOT SEEM TO BE ANY TRUTH IN THE STATEMENT OF THE JESUIT MAIMBOURG THAT HE HAD A LOVE-AFFAIR WITH THE WIFE OF A TAILOR, THERE IS NO DENYING THAT HE HAD BETRAYED A YOUNG WOMAN OF HUMBLE BIRTH UNDER PROMISE OF MARRIAGE, AND HAD ALLOWED FOUR YEAR TO ELAPSE BEFORE FULFILLING HIS PROMISE. MOREOVER, HE KEPT HIS HIGH SPIRITS WHEN HE SETTLED DOWN TO VIRTUOUS COURSES; AND HIS FELLOW- CITIZENS WERE SO DELIGHTED WITH HIS JOLLITY THAT IT BECAME A SAYING IN GENEVA THAT IT WOULD BE BETTER TO GO TO HELL WITH BEZA THAN TO H with Calvin. YVOIRE, HTE. SAVOIE As a man of letters M. de Bèze was principally occupied with theological controversy, and, as has been said, with the production of HIS METRICAL VERSION OF THE PSALMS OF DAVID; BUT HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO RELIGIOUS DISPUTATION SOMETIMES TOOK THE FORM OF FARCE AND BURLESQUE HE WAS PART AUTHOR OF A SATIRE ENTITLED Cuisine Papale, AND DEVOTED HIS GREAT GIFTS TO THE COMPOSITION OF A ROLLICKING DRINKING SONG, IN 40 41 42 43 44 which a certain burner of heretics thus bewails the loss of his nose: ‘O nose that must with drink be dyed! O nose, my glory and my pride! O nose, that didst enjoy a-right— Nose, my alembic of delight! My bibulous big bottle-nose, As highly coloured as the rose, ‘It was my hope that thou wouldst share My shifting fortunes everywhere. A Churchman’s nose thou wast indeed— The partner of his prayers and creed; Proof against all doctrinal shocks, And never aught but orthodox.’ LET THAT SUFFICE. IT IS RATHER VULGAR FOOLING; BUT TO HAVE OMITTED ALL MENTION OF IT WOULD HAVE BEEN TO GIVE AN IMPERFECT IMPRESSION THE REFORMER. HE OWED SOME OF HIS INFLUENCE WITH THE VULGAR TO THE FACT THAT HE KNEW HOW TO DESCEND TO THEIR LEVEL; AND HE NEEDED A HIS INFLUENCE, FOR HE HAD TO GUIDE GENEVA THROUGH PERILOUS TIMES. THERE WAS A TERRIBLE EPIDEMIC OF THE PLAGUE; INNUMERABLE FUGITIVES FROM the Massacre of St. Bartholomew took refuge in the town; there was a long war with Savoy. IN THE CASE OF THE PLAGUE THE DIFFICULTY WAS, AS IT ALWAYS HAD BEEN AT GENEVA, TO COMPEL THE DOCTORS AND THE CLERGY TO DO THEIR DUT TO THE SICK. A NOTE IN THE REGISTER OF THE COUNCIL SHOWS US HOW, IN THE DAYS BEFORE THE REFORM, THE MONKS HAD ENVISAGED THEIR obligations. The canons of the cathedral, it there appears, passed the following resolution: ‘In view of the fact that the plague is suspected to exist in the town, the reverend fathers vote themselves a month’s holiday from the duty of residing there and attending to the services; their stipends, in the meantime, to continue to be paid.’ THE MONTH’S HOLIDAY, WE ALSO GATHER, WAS SUBSEQUENTLY EXTENDED TO A YEAR, WITH THE SAME LIBERAL STIPULATION AS TO EMOLUMENTS; AND AFTER THE REFORMATION WE FIND THE PROTESTANT CLERGY DISPLAYING AN EQUAL TIMIDITY IN THE PRESENCE OF THE DISEASE. THE ENTRY CONCERNING T runs thus: ‘THE MINISTERS APPEARED BEFORE THE COUNCIL CONFESSING THAT IT WAS THEIR DUTY TO GO AND OFFER CONSOLATION TO THE SUFFERERS FROM TH PLAGUE, BUT THAT NOT ONE OF THEM HAD THE COURAGE TO DO SO. THEY BEGGED THE COUNCIL TO OVERLOOK THEIR WEAKNESS, SEEING THAT GOD HAD NOT GIVEN THEM THE GRACE TO BRAVE AND OVERCOME THE PERIL WITH THE INTREPIDITY REQUIRED—ALWAYS EXCEPTING MATTHEW GENESTON, WHO I quite willing to go, if the lot should fall upon him.’ M. DE BÈZE, ONE IS GLAD TO KNOW, WAS MADE OF STERNER STUFF THAN THESE WEAK BRETHREN. NOT ONLY WERE THE SICK PROPERLY VISITED DURING HIS TERM OF OFFICE. PRECAUTIONS—FATUOUS, BUT WELL MEANT—WERE TAKEN AGAINST THE PROPAGATION OF THE DISORDER. THE REGISTER OF T COUNCIL IS FULL OF REFERENCES TO THEM. SUFFERERS WERE ORDERED NOT TO OPEN THEIR WINDOWS; CONVALESCENTS WERE ENJOINED TO CARRY WHITE STICKS WHEN THEY WENT ABROAD, IN ORDER THAT THEY MIGHT BE RECOGNIZED AND AVOIDED; IT WAS FORBIDDEN TO EAT FRUIT OR TO TAKE A BATH, AS TH WAS BELIEVED TO BE A MEANS OF CATCHING THE INFECTION. WE HAVE A NOTE ON HOSPITAL REFORM. IT WAS ORDERED THAT MALE AND FEMALE PATIENTS SHOULD BE TREATED IN SEPARATE WARDS, IN ORDER THAT CERTAIN SCANDALS MIGHT BE PREVENTED. WE FIND A DOCTOR REPRIMANDED FOR DOING HIS DUTY NEGLIGENTLY. ‘THE SIEUR BAUHIN, PLAGUE-DOCTOR, IS ORDERED TO SEE HIS PATIENTS IN THEIR HOUSES INSTEAD OF BEING SATISFIED WITH HAVING THEM BROUGHT TO THE WINDOW FOR A CONSULTATION.’ FINALLY, WE READ THAT ‘THE COUNCIL, AT THE REQUEST OF THE MINISTERS, ORDERS ALL THE CITIZ FREQUENT THE SERMONS WITH ASSIDUITY, IN ORDER TO TURN AWAY THE WRATH OF GOD WHICH WOULD APPEAR, FROM THE CONTINUANCE OF THE PLAGUE, be violently aroused against the town.’ THEN, WHILE THE PLAGUE WAS STILL LINGERING, CAME THE NEWS OF THE DREADFUL DOINGS OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY. MERCHANTS FROM LYON BROUGHT THE TIDINGS, PREDICTING THE SPEEDY ARRIVAL OF THE VICTIMS WHO HAD ESCAPED THE BUTCHERY; AND PREPARATIONS WERE MADE TO ENTERTAIN THEM HOSPITABLY. M. DE BÈZE DISPATCHED PASTORS TO GREET THEM AT THE FRONTIER, AND PREACHED A SERMON ON THE SITUATION, BIDDING THE CITIZENS DECREE A SPECIAL DAY OF PRAYER AND FASTING—THE Jeûne Genevois, WHICH IS STILL OBSERVED, THOUGH AS AN OCCASION OF JUNKETING rather than of abstinence. ON THAT OCCASION, HOWEVER, THE GENEVANS WERE VERY FAR FROM JUNKETING. THEY DID INDEED FAST AND PRAY; AND ON THE FIRST DAY OF SEPTEMBER THE ARRIVAL OF THE LONG TRAIN OF FUGITIVES BEGAN. THEY WERE TRULY FUGITIVES RATHER THAN IMMIGRANTS; THAT IS TO SAY, THEY HAD EMPTY-HANDED, TRAVELLED IN HOURLY TERROR OF THEIR LIVES, AND ARRIVED IN A STATE OF UTTER DESTITUTION. LET IT BE ADDED THAT THERE WERE 2, THEM, AND THAT CONTEMPORARY STATISTICS SHOW THAT THERE WERE IN GENEVA, AT THAT PERIOD, ONLY 1,200 HOUSEHOLDERS. IMAGINING THE SUDDEN INFLUX OF 2,300 PAUPERS INTO A TOWN OF THE SIZE OF SANDWICH, ONE BEGINS TO REALIZE THE ECONOMIC SITUATION THUS CREATED. TO REALIZE I COMPLETELY ONE MUST FURTHER REMEMBER THAT GENEVA WAS ALREADY ON THE VERGE OF BANKRUPTCY; AND THAT A COLLECTION, FOR THE BENEFIT OF FUGITIVES, WHICH REALIZED 4,000 LIVRES, SO EXHAUSTED THE RESOURCES OF THE TOWN THAT THE PROPOSAL TO MAKE A SECOND COLLECTION HAD TO BE abandoned. SEVERE ECONOMY WAS NATURALLY THE ORDER OF THE DAY. THE ONLY RECORDED EXAMPLE OF PUBLIC EXTRAVAGANCE DURING THIS PERIOD IS AN ORDER THAT, AS THE CHAIRS IN THE COUNCIL CHAMBER WERE TOO HARD FOR THE COMFORT OF THE COUNCILLORS, THEY SHOULD BE PADDED; AND EVEN TH OUTLAY MAY HAVE BEEN DUE TO A DESIRE TO FIND WORK FOR THOSE WHO NEEDED IT. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE INDICATIONS OF DISTRESS ARE NUMEROUS and startling. ONE SUCH INDICATION IS FURNISHED BY THE REPORT OF A DEBATE OF THE VENERABLE COMPANY OF PASTORS. IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A DEPUTATION SHOULD WAIT UPON THE MAGISTRATES ‘TO INFORM THEM HOW SCANTILY THEY PROVIDE FOR THEIR CLERGY IN TIMES WHEN EVERYTHING IS DEAR, THE FA BEING THAT EVEN MINISTERS WITH NO FAMILIES BUT ONLY WIVES TO SUPPORT ARE ABSOLUTELY UNABLE TO LIVE UPON THEIR SALARIES.’ BUT THE PROPO WAS REJECTED ON THE GROUND THAT THE MAGISTRATES WERE ALREADY AWARE OF THE DISTRESS OF THE CLERGY, AND COULD DO LITTLE TO HELP THEM, 45 46 47 48 49 THAT IT WOULD NEVER DO FOR IT TO BE SAID THAT THE CLERGY HAD APPLIED FOR INCREASED EMOLUMENTS AT A TIME OF GENERAL IMPOVERISHMENT. ‘IT BETTER,’ THE RESOLUTION CONTINUED, ‘TO ENDURE OUR SUFFERINGS, LEAVING IT TO GOD TO RELIEVE THEM WHEN IT SEEMS GOOD TO HIM; BUT IF ANY OF O brethren are too hard pressed, they may declare their condition to the magistrates, and ask assistance from them privately.’ STILL MORE SORROWFUL WAS THE CASE OF THE IMMIGRANT PASTORS FROM FRANCE, WHO HAD NO WAGES. THE MAGISTRATES DISTRIBUTED A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF MONEY AMONG THEM, AND ADVISED THEM THAT, AS NO MORE WAS LIKELY TO BE FORTHCOMING, THEY WOULD BE WISE TO LAY OUT A PART OF it in learning a business or a trade. Their reply is worth preserving: ‘FOR SEVERAL WEEKS,’ THEY SAID, ‘THEIR POSITION HAD BEEN VERY PAINFUL; THEY FELT THEIR INDEBTEDNESS TO THE GENEVANS THE MORE ACUTELY BECAUSE NO ONE R...