Penousal Machado · Malcolm I. Heywood James McDermott · Mauro Castelli Pablo García-Sánchez · Paolo Burelli Sebastian Risi · Kevin Sim (Eds.) 5 Genetic 2 0 9 S Programming C N L 18th European Conference, EuroGP 2015 Copenhagen, Denmark, April 8–10, 2015 Proceedings 123 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9025 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7407 Penousal Machado Malcolm I. Heywood (cid:129) James McDermott Mauro Castelli (cid:129) í á Pablo Garc a-S nchez Paolo Burelli (cid:129) Sebastian Risi Kevin Sim (Eds.) (cid:129) Genetic Programming 18th European Conference, EuroGP 2015 – Copenhagen, Denmark, April 8 10, 2015 Proceedings 123 Editors PenousalMachado PabloGarcía-Sánchez Universidade deCoimbra Universidad deGranada Coimbra Granada Portugal Spain Malcolm I.Heywood PaoloBurelli Dalhousie University Aalborg University Halifax,NS Copenhagen Canada Denmark James McDermott Sebastian Risi UniversityCollege Dublin IT Universityof Copenhagen Dublin Copenhagen Ireland Denmark MauroCastelli Kevin Sim Universidade Novade Lisboa EdinburghNapier University Lisboa Edinburgh Portugal UK ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) Lecture Notesin ComputerScience ISBN 978-3-319-16500-4 ISBN 978-3-319-16501-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16501-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015933505 LNCSSublibrary:SL1–TheoreticalComputerScienceandGeneralIssues SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynow knownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookare believedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Coverillustration:DesignedbyMauroCastelli,ISEGI,UniversidadeNovadeLisboa,Portugal Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface The 18th European Conference on Genetic Programming (EuroGP) took place during April8–10,2015.Copenhagen,Denmarkwasthesetting,andtheNationalmuseetwas the venue. EuroGP is the only conference exclusively devoted to the evolutionary generation of computer programs and attracts scholars from all over the world. The maturity of the event is in part reflected by the fact that ‘Google Scholar’ now lists EuroGPasoneofthetop20venuesinEvolutionaryComputationwithanh5-indexand h5-medianof15and18respectively.1Collectively,over10,000articlesnowappearin the online GP bibliography maintained by William B. Langdon.2 The unique character of genetic programming has been recognized from its very beginning. EuroGP has had an essential impact on the success of the field, by serving as an important forum for expressing new ideas, meeting fellow researchers, and starting collaborations. Indeed, EuroGP represents the single largest venue at which geneticprogramming results arepublished.Many successstories have beenwitnessed by the 18 editions of EuroGP. To date, genetic programming is essentially the only approach that has demonstrated the ability to automatically generate, repair, and improvecomputercodeinawidevarietyofproblemareas.Itisalsooneoftheleading methodologies that can be used to ‘automate’ science, helping researchers to induce hiddencomplexmodelsfromobservedphenomena.Furthermore,geneticprogramming hasbeenappliedtomanyproblemsofpracticalsignificance,andhasproducedhuman- competitive solutions. EuroGP 2015 received 36 submissions from 21 different countries across five continents. The papers underwent a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, each beingreviewedbyatleastthreemembersoftheinternationalProgramCommitteefrom 23countries.Theselectionprocessresultedinthisvolume,with12papersacceptedfor oral presentation (33.3 % acceptance rate) and 6 for poster presentation (50 % global acceptance rate for talks and posters combined). The wide range of topics in this volumereflectsthecurrentstateofresearchinthefield.Thus,weseetopicsasdiverse assemanticmethods,recursiveprograms,grammaticalmethods,coevolution,Cartesian GP, feature selection, initialization procedures, ensemble methods, and search objec- tives; and applications including text processing, cryptography, numerical modeling, softwareparallelization,creationandoptimizationofcircuits,multi-classclassification, scheduling, and artificial intelligence. Together with three other colocated evolutionary computation conferences (Evo- COP 2015, EvoMUSART 2015, and EvoApplications 2015), EuroGP 2015 was part of the Evo* 2015 event. This meeting could not have taken place without the help of many people. 1 http://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=top_venues&vq=eng_evolutionarycomputation. 2 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Ai/genetic.programming.html. VI Preface First to be thanked is the great community of researchers and practitioners who contributed to the conference by both submitting their work and reviewing others’ as partoftheProgramCommittee.Theirhardwork,inevolutionaryterms,providedboth variation and selection, without which progress in the field would not be possible! Thepapersweresubmitted,reviewed,andselectedusingtheMyReviewconference management software. We are sincerely grateful to Marc Schoenauer of Inria, France, for his great assistance in providing, hosting, and managing the software. Wewouldliketothankthelocalorganisingteam:PaoloBurellifromtheFacultyof Engineering and Science, Aalborg University and Sebastian Risi, codirector of the Robotics, Evolution and Art Laboratory at the IT University of Copenhagen. We thank Kevin Sim from the Institute for Informatics & Digital Information, Edinburgh Napier University for creating and maintaining the official Evo* 2014 website,andPabloGaría-Sánchez(UniversidaddeGranada,Spain)andMauroCastelli (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal) for being responsible for Evo* 2014 publicity. We would also like to express our sincerest gratitude to our invited speakers, who gaveinspiringkeynotetalks:ProfessorPaulienHogewegoftheBioinformatics group, Utrecht University, The Netherlands,and Dr.Pierre-Yves Oudeyer, Research Director at Inria, Paris, France. We especially want to express our genuine gratitude to Jennifer Willies of the Institute for Informatics and Digital Innovation at Edinburgh Napier University, UK. Her dedicated and continued involvement in Evo* since 1998 has been and remains essentialforbuildingtheimage,status,anduniqueatmosphereofthisseriesofevents. April 2015 Penousal Machado Malcolm I. Heywood James McDermott Mauro Castelli Pablo García-Sánchez Paolo Burelli Kevin Sim Organization Administrative details werehandledbyJenniferWillies,Institute for Informaticsand Digital Innovation, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland, UK. Organizing Committee Program Co-chairs Penousal Machado University of Coimbra, Portugal Malcolm I. Heywood Dalhousie University, Canada Publication Chair James McDermott University College Dublin, Ireland Publicity Chairs Mauro Castelli Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Pablo García-Sánchez Universidad de Granada, Spain Local Chairs Paolo Burelli Aalborg University, Denmark Sebastian Risi IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark Webmaster Kevin Sim Edinburgh Napier University, UK Program Committee Alexandros Agapitos University College Dublin, Ireland Lee Altenberg University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA R. Muhammad Atif Azad University of Limerick, Ireland Ignacio Arnaldo Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Douglas Augusto LNCC/UFJF, Brazil Wolfgang Banzhaf Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Mohamed Bahy Bader University of Portsmouth, UK Helio Barbosa LNCC/UFJF, Brazil Heder Bernardino LNCC/UFJF, Brazil Anthony Brabazon University College Dublin, Ireland Nicolas Bredeche Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France Stefano Cagnoni University of Parma, Italy Ernesto Costa University of Coimbra, Portugal Luis Da Costa Université Paris-Sud XI, France Antonio Della Cioppa University of Salerno, Italy VIII Organization Federico Divina Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Marc Ebner Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Germany Aniko Ekart Aston University, UK Francisco Fernández de Vega Universidad de Extremadura, Spain Gianluigi Folino ICAR-CNR, Italy James A. Foster University of Idaho, USA Christian Gagné Université Laval, Québec, Canada Steven Gustafson GE Global Research, USA Jin-Kao Hao LERIA, University of Angers, France Inman Harvey University of Sussex, UK Erik Hemberg Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Malcolm I. Heywood Dalhousie University, Canada Ting Hu Dartmouth College, USA David Jackson University of Liverpool, UK Colin Johnson University of Kent, UK Tatiana Kalganova Brunel University, UK Ahmed Kattan Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia Graham Kendall University of Nottingham, UK Michael Korns Korns Associates, USA Jan Koutnik IDSIA Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Switzerland Krzysztof Krawiec Poznan University of Technology, Poland Jiri Kubalik Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic William B. Langdon University College London, UK Kwong Sak Leung The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China John Levine University of Strathclyde, UK Evelyne Lutton Inria, France Penousal Machado University of Coimbra, Portugal Radek Matousek Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic James McDermott University College Dublin, Ireland Andrew McIntyre Dalhousie University, Canada Bob McKay Seoul National University, Korea Jorn Mehnen Cranfield University, UK Julian Miller University of York, UK Alberto Moraglio University of Exeter, UK Xuan Hoai Nguyen Hanoi University, Vietnam Miguel Nicolau University College Dublin, Ireland Julio Cesar Nievola Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil Michael O’Neill University College Dublin, Ireland Una-May O’Reilly Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Fernando Otero University of Kent, UK Ender Ozcan University of Nottingham, UK Andrew J. Parkes University of Nottingham, UK Gisele Pappa Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil Organization IX Tomasz Pawlak Poznan University of Technology, Poland Clara Pizzuti Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, Italy Thomas Ray University of Oklahoma, USA Peter Rockett University of Sheffield, UK Denis Robilliard Université Lille Nord de France, France Conor Ryan University of Limerick, Ireland Marc Schoenauer Inria, France Lukas Sekanina Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Yin Shan Medicare, Australia Sara Silva INESC-ID Lisboa, Portugal Moshe Sipper Ben-Gurion University, Israel Alexei N. Skurikhin Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA Terence Soule University of Idaho, USA Lee Spector Hampshire College, USA Ivan Tanev Doshisha University, Japan Ernesto Tarantino ICAR-CNR, Italy Jorge Tavares Microsoft, Germany Leonardo Trujillo Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Mexico Leonardo Vanneschi Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, and University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Man Leung Wong Lingnan University, Hong Kong Lidia Yamamoto University of Strasbourg, France Mengjie Zhang Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand