Pawan Kumar Jaiwal Rana Pratap Singh Om Parkash Dhankher Editors Genetic Manipulation in Plants for Mitigation of Climate Change Genetic Manipulation in Plants for Mitigation of Climate Change Pawan Kumar Jaiwal R ana P ratap S ingh Om Parkash D hankher Editors Genetic Manipulation in Plants for Mitigation of Climate Change Editors Pawan Kumar Jaiwal Rana Pratap Singh Center for Biotechnology Department of Environmental Science M.D. University Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Rohtak , Haryana , India University Lucknow , UP , India Om Parkash Dhankher Stockbridge School of Agriculture University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst, MA , USA ISBN 978-81-322-2660-4 ISBN 978-81-322-2662-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2662-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958661 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace Climatic variability and global warming observed during the past few decades have become a frightening reality and a matter of deep concern worldwide especially for the developing countries. Extreme climatic conditions adversely affect quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants. Food and nutri- tional security have emerged as a major challenge worldwide due to overex- pansion of population and cultivated areas to less fertile fi elds as a result of extreme climatic changes. The extreme hot and cold seasons and subsequent drought and fl ood as well as the elevated greenhouse gases are generally con- sidered to be the major factors resulting to such climatic variability globally. Continues industrialization aggravated by anthropogenic activities has added to the severity of climate change. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fi nd out ways to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on biodiversity and crop productivity. The works related to the biotechnological strategies like breeding and genetic engineering to mitigate the problems of climate change are in the initial stage, and the efforts made in this direction may be limited to one specifi c trait, whereas the mitigation measures for these com- plex climatic factors need handling of multiple stresses in one go. The recent advances in molecular breeding (identifi cation of tightly liked markers, QTLs/genes), transgenesis (introduction of exogenous genes or changing the expression of endogenous stress-responsive genes) and genomics approaches have made it easier to identify and isolate several key genes involved in abi- otic stresses and their regulation. This book was planned with an objective to understand the detailed overviews and recent approaches in genetic manipu- lation studies in plants for mitigation of climate change. Elevated O in the troposphere due to industrialization and anthropogenic 3 activities suppresses plant productivity, product quality and competitive abil- ity of crop plants and forest trees. In order to ensure food security for the future, O tolerance/resistance is to be incorporated in crop plants. The physi- 3 ological, biochemical and molecular responses of plants to this toxic pollut- ant that provides rational targets for phenotypic screening and genetic manipulation of plants for tolerance to O have been discussed by Li et al. 3 (pages 1–14). Heat stress affects many aspects of plant growth and development. Thermotolerance depends on the activation and coordination of various sens- ing, signalling and regulatory pathways. Roth et al. (pages 15–42) have dis- cussed the effects of high temperature on plant growth and development, v vi Preface methods for thermotolerance screening, heat-sensing mechanism, metabolic changes and strategies to improve thermotolerance in plants. Breeding crops for drought or fl ood tolerance/resistance has been a prior- ity for a long time; however, the progress has been slow due to the physiologi- cal and genetic complexity of these traits. Fundamental insights into the stress sensing, downstream signal transduction and metabolic alterations that promote tolerance are key to increased crop production in drought and fl ood- prone environments. Rice, a staple food crop of more than half of the world population, is facing the problem of water shortage and drought. You and Xiong (pages 43–72) have provided an overview and perspective of the strat- egies, resources, progress and challenges of drought resistance in rice. Zhang and co-workers (pages 73–102) have summarized the recent progress about the major constraints affecting plant performance in waterlogged soils and discussed the mechanism employed by the plants to deal with the stress. Polyamines are small polycationic compounds involved in numerous met- abolic pathways in plants including stress protection. Macro et al. (pages 103–116) have discussed approaches undertaken to demonstrate the involve- ment of polyamines in the stress response and genetic manipulation of poly- amine levels as an effi cient tool for plant resistance to abiotic stress along with recent advances in the potential mechanism of action by which poly- amines could contribute to stress protection. V inod (pages 117–142) has given an overview of the recent developments in breeding efforts towards nutrient defi ciency-tolerant rice as a sustainable solution for future agriculture. Rice is the predominant stable crop providing more than 21 % of the daily calories of the word. However, in rice-growing regions nutrient starvation in the soil (either due to excessive farming or less availability/absorption of nutrients in marginal land) is putting rice crop/ plants under stress. To avoid this, excessive input of fertilizers is used which is causing environmental degradation. Because there is enough variability available for nutrient response within rice gene pool, breeding may be a good alternative for this crop. An elevated concentration of heavy metals adversely affects growth and productivity of crop plants. Climate change is related to heavy metal con- tamination due to its effects on the bioavailability of metals and its ability to alter the environmental fate and intensity of pollutants. In the future, it is expected that climate change may increase the heavy metals in the agricul- tural soils. So, developing crops resistant to heavy metals will be required for marginal and moderately contaminated soils. In this context, Tomar et al. (pages 143–168) have emphasized on the production of new cultivars with enhanced heavy metals and metalloids tolerance using transgenic approaches. Sudhakar and Suprassana (pages 169–186) have focused on the issue of cli- mate change keeping in view the phytoremediation potential of plants and have highlighted the prospects of genetic manipulation for enhanced heavy metals tolerance. M ost of the abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms involve multiple meta- bolic pathways, and manipulating such complex traits through conventional breeding remains a big challenge. Hence, genetic transformation with regula- tory genes especially transcription factors is a promoting alternative. Baudh and co-workers (pages 187–204) have assessed the potentials and limitations Preface vii of biotechnological approaches for mitigation of various multigenic stresses like enhanced temperature and water scarcity which are affecting the crop productivity. O verall physiology of C plants is affected by increasing atmospheric CO 3 2 levels in the post industrialization era, and hence, dependent herbivorous insects are also affected. Thus, climate change affects plant-insect interac- tions. The basic regulatory connections between primary and secondary metabolism of plants need to be understood more to predict how insect popu- lations respond to changes in host plant. Zavala and Gog (pages 205–222) have discussed mechanisms controlling insect herbivory related to global rise in atmospheric CO levels and have suggested that advances in genetic 2 manipulation techniques afford the prospects of affecting changes in ecosys- tem downstream from plant physiology. Increased input costs, low benefi ts and marginalization of land as a result of extreme climates have all added to low income and hence poverty and malnutrition culminating into food insecurity in developing countries. GM crops have been proved benefi cial to farmers and society especially in devel- oping countries by increasing productivity, enhancing nutrient quality and reducing food and input costs. Sainger et al. (pages 223–241) have discussed the essence of GM crops for the developing world for increasing farmers’ income, their role in poverty alleviation, nutrition and health and feasibility of GM crops in the time of climate change. The chapters critically evaluate the current knowledge, state of the art and future prospects of genetic manipulation of plants to minimize the adverse effect of climate change on plant growth and productivity. The book is valu- able for the scientist, academicians, researchers, students, planners and indus- trialists working in the area of biotechnology, plant agriculture, agronomy, horticulture, plant physiology, molecular biology, plant sciences and environ- mental sciences. Each chapter in this volume has been written by an expert group in plant stress biology. We are grateful to the contributors for their efforts in preparing insightful and authoritative accounts of various aspects of the knowledge in this area. We express our sincere thanks and gratitude to all these colleagues and warm appreciations and thanks to Springer for their keen interest in bringing out this title with quality work. We are also thankful to our family members and Ph.D. students for their understanding and patience during planning and preparations of this title. Rohtak, India Pawan Kumar Jaiwal October, 2015 Rana Pratap Singh Om Prakash Dhankher Contents 1 Plant Responses to Tropospheric Ozone .......................................... 1 Yongfang Li , Meenakumari Muthuramalingam , and Ramamurthy Mahalingam 2 Plant Heat Stress Response and Thermotolerance ....................... 15 Sascha Röth , Puneet Paul , and Sotirios Fragkostefanakis 3 Plant Breeding for Flood Tolerance: Advances and Limitations ............................................................... 43 Xuechen Zhang , Xin Huang , Meixue Zhou , Lana Shabala , Anthony Koutoulis , and Sergey Shabala 4 Genetic Improvement of Drought Resistance in Rice ................... 73 Jun You and Lizhong Xiong 5 Polyamine Biosynthesis Engineering as a Tool to Improve Plant Resistance to Abiotic Stress ............................. 103 Francisco Marco , Marta Bitrián , Pedro Carrasco , Rubén Alcázar , and Antonio F. Tiburcio 6 Enhancing Nutrient Starvation Tolerance in Rice ...................... 117 K. K. Vinod 7 Engineered Plants for Heavy Metals and Metalloids Tolerance .............................................................. 143 Parul Rana Tomar , Anirudha R. Dixit , Pawan Kumar Jaiwal , and Om Parkash Dhankher 8 Prospects of Genetic Manipulation for Enhanced Heavy Metal Tolerance and Bioremediation in Relation to Climate Change ...................................................... 169 Sudhakar Srivastava and P. Suprasanna 9 Biotechnological Approaches to Mitigate Adverse Effects of Extreme Climatic Factors on Plant Productivity ....... 187 Kuldeep Bauddh , Manish Sainger , Sanjeev Kumar , Poonam Ahlawat Sainger , Pawan Kumar Jaiwal , and Rana Pratap Singh ix