PENGUIN BOOKS GENES, PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES 'Thermea yb en oc ontemporsacrhyo lwahroh a'asm ore detaiulnedde rstandoifhn ugm an diversiotray m orec ompelling visioofni t'su nifhiiesdt o.r.yT. h ipsro jecitsa ni mmense intelleaccthuiaelv emaenndtG ,e nesP,e oplaensdL anguages isa fi new ayt og eta s ensoefi tssc opEed'w arRdo thstein, The NewY 01T-ikrne s <Icth allenugste osd efinweh awt eu nderstoanfd« r acaen"d i ts authhoars f onre arhlayl afc entumrayd es emincaoln tributtioo ns thes tudoyfe volutiogneanrye tiicnas d,d ittioop no ssessaim nogs t wondelftualle nfto tre llinagg reastt OlG),e'a r6Tiudo hy, IrishT imes 'LUiLguic a Cavalli-Slfaotrzebaso'tos ks ummariztehse l ifweo rk oft hifsa scinating polwyhmofa ottrhh ,el asfiftyt- five yearhsa s beend evelopiinngge nimoeutsh odtsou ndersttahnehd i story ofe verybod. .y. G enesP,e oplaensdL anguagiesas,m ongo ther thUlgaSni, n tellebcitougalr a-phacy omplpeoxrt raoifat s cientist capabolfem entajlulgyg ltinhgep articualbaoruestv erythianndg evel)'bowdhyi,lr ee mainingc ontinuaallelrtyt og randde signs' JaredD iamonNde,w Y orRke viewo fB ooks 'Thaeu thhoras lonbge ena tt hef orefroofrn ets eartchhau ts es humang enetasi casw ayo fu nraveloluirpn ags Itn.t hissh orltu,c id bookh e descrtihbeie nsS igthhtasht a vbee eng aineda boutth ew ay ours pecieevso lvanedd sprealde,a ditnodg i fferreanctec su,l tures andl anguageAsn'd reCwr umeyS,c otlaonnSd u nday ABOUT THE AUTHOR Thew orldl'esa dienxgp erto nh umanp opulatgieonne ticLsu,i gi LucaC avalli-Sfowrazsab orn inG enoai n1 92a2n dh ast aughatt theu niversoiftC iaemsb ridgeP,a rmaa ndP aviHae. isc urrently activPer ofesEsmoerri tuosf G eneticastS tanforUdn iversaintdisy thea uthoorf Genes. He is ThHeis toaryn Gde ogroafHp uhmayn aF oreiMgenm bero ft heR oyaSlo ciety. G nee s , e0 p .es1 an l a ang sge u P d L uigil uca C vaallio-rSazf Translabtye d MaSreki elstad PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN BOOKS PubliShedb yth eP enguln Croup PenguinB ooksL td. 80 Strand.Lo ndoWnC.2 RO RLE.n gland Penguin Putnam In.c•3 7H5u dsSotrne eNtew. YorNkew. York1 0014U.S A Penguin BooksA ustralia Ltd.25 0 CamberweO Road. Cambexwen. 3V1i24,ct Aoustraliaria Penguin BoobCan ada Ltd.1 0A lcornA venuTeo.ro nOtnotari.o C.anada M4V 3B2 Penguin BooksI nd(iPaLtd) . 11C ommunity CentreP.an ch.hPeareklN. e wD eIhl-1100 17I.n dia Penguin Boob (NZL)td .C nr Rosedaanlde Air borneR oads.A lbany. AuddNanewdZ.eaJan d Penguin Books( SouAfrIthc a)( PtyLt)d .24 SturdeeA venuReos.e bank 2196.S outAfhri ca PenguJnB ooksL tdR.e gistereOfdfi ces: S80tran d.Lo ndon.W C2RO RLE.n gland www.peguinn.com Originallyp ublishWledde thre ti tlG<mese. peupletea / ongues First publishienEd n gliisnth h UeS Aas Genes. Peopla.esnd Languagesb yN ortPho iPnrte ss. ad i\lls1ono fF anar. Straus andGIro ux 2000 First publishIenCd re atB rttalnb yAl lenlane TheP enguin Press 2000 PublishPeedn guiniB no ob2 001 9 Copyright© Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sfo2ru.00 1 Alrilgh ts reserved Them oralri ghto fth ea uthohras beeasns erted Printed in EnglanbdyC laysL td.5t lvapsi c Exceinp tt heU nitedSlat es ofA merica.t hbiosois k s olsdu bject to tlle condiItishaltol n n othatbt. y w ayo ftrad e oroth erwise.be !ent. re-sohlldr.os ud t.o ro therwise Circwiulathteodu thte p ublisher's priocro nsenItnan yf onno fb inding orco veorth erthan that in whicihti sp ublisahnedwid th outa SImilarco nditilneolnu dithisng conditiboeni nIgm posoendth e·subseqpueurchnaste r ISBN-1937:8 -0-14-029602-0 CONTENTS Prfaecevi i Acknloewdgmeixn ts 1.Ge neas ndH istory3 2.A walkt heW oods 33 in 3.O fA dama ndE ve 57 4.T echnologRiecvaoll utiaonndsG eneG eograph9y2 5.G eneansd Language1s3 3 6.C ultuTrraaln smisasnidoE nv oluti1on7 3 Bibliogra2p0h9y Index2 15 Prfeace Thibso oks urveytsh er esearcohnh umane volutiforno mt hem any differfieenltdo sfs tudtyh acto ntribtuoot uerlm owledgIeti. s a h is­ toryo ft hel asth undredt housanyde arrse,l yionng a rcheology, geneticansd, lin guisticsH.a ppitlhye,s teh redies cipliarnee nso wg en­ eratinmgan y newd ataan di nsigAhltoslf, t hme canb ee xpectteod convertgoew arda c ommons to,rya ndb ehintdh emm ustl iae single histoSryi.n gelayc,ah p proahcash m anyl acunbauet,h opefutlhleyi r synthecsainhs e ltpo fi llt heg apsO.t hesrc iences--culantthuror­al pologdye,m ograpehcyo,n omey,c ologyS,O ciology-are jioni ning the effoartn,d a rjeu stly becpoilamlrinosgf i nteertpartion. Itw oulbde i mpossitbolc eo mmunicattheec onclusaiboonust humanh istoarnydt hec ausoefsh umane volutiifoo nne h adto r ely ont hej argoonfss uchdi versdei sciplSicnieesn.t tiefircm inology insurperse cisainodin n creatsheess p eeodf c ommunicataimoonn g specialibsuttis t,c reatae bsa rriebre tweetnh ema ndt heg eneral publiIch a.v ter iteodr estrmiyc uts eo fj argtoona minimuma,n dI havael saot temptteoed xp laint ermasn dm ethodusn knowtno t he VII generpalu bliTch.e r espontsoef oreiegndi tionos ft hibso ok( in FrencIht,a liSapna,n isahn,dG ermani)n dicattehsam to str eaders havneo d ifficulitynf ollowthien sgc ienpcree senhteerde a,n dc an apprecimautlet idisciplinarity. . Tos omeh,i sto(ryi nGludienvgo lutii�onn o)ta s cienbceec,a use itrse sulctasn nobte r eplicaatnedthd u sc annobte t estbeydth e experimenmtealt hodB.u ts tudyitnhges amep henomenforno m many differaenngtl efsr,o m mandyi scipleiancehos f,w hich sup­ pliiensd ependfeanctt s, has otfhlea rvgaielnludyee pendreenpte ­ titioTnh.i msa ketsh em ultidiSciapplpirnoaaryic nhd ispensable. An importacnotn clustihoanet m ergefsr omth isw orki st hat humang eneteivco luthiaosbn e enh eaVialfyf ecbtyet de chnological innovatiaonndsb yc ultucrhaaln gien,g enerCalu.l turmee,a ning thea ccumulaotfikn oonw ledgoev egre neratiiostn hsem, a ind iffer­ enceb etween humaanndso thearn ima(ltsh dei ffereinsoc neeo f degree, becauset oanoli,em aarndl usri,n g tlihveeiasrn dt ransmit knowledtgoef utugreen eratiCounlst)u.rt alr ansmisissti hounas n importaonbtj eocfts tudoyn,et hahta sb eend ramaticanlleyg lected. Chapt6eir s d evotteodi t. Thes ubjeocftt h ibso ohka sS ignifiimcpanlitc atiofnoisrm portant sociparlo bleImtse .xp lainamso,n g othethri ngsw,h yr acisims f alla­ ciouGse.n eticissi nstrumentsalh aipni unsgb, u ts ot,o oa,r et hec ul­ turaslo,c ianadl ,p hysiecnalvi ronmenitnw sh icwhe l ivTeh.e m ain genetdiicf fereanrcebe estw eenin dividuaalnsdn otb etweenp opula­ tionso,r so-c"arlalceedDs i.ff"e renocfeg se netic oarimgionn gt he lattaerren oto nlsym all( rapibdleyc omienvge ns mallerw itht he recenactc eleraotfti roann sportaantido nb,o thm igrataonryd c ul­ tureaxlc hanbguet)' alssuop erfiCaittrialb,u tabmloes tltoyr esponses tot hed ifferecnlti maitnew sh icwhe l ivMeo.r eovtheerr,e a res erious difficultiine sd istinguishbinegt weegne netiancd cultudrialff er­ encebse,t weenna tuanrde nurture. My greatheospte i st hatth er eader expertiheens caemsei ntel­ lectuplaela suIhr aev wiet he acehx pectaenddu nexpecfitneddi ng, uncoversionm ga nyp oinotfsa greemeanmto ngd iscipltihnaets havbee enke pcta refuslelpya raftosero l ong. VIII A ck no wel e nts dgm Thibso oko wesm ucht om anyp eoplIetw. a sc onceiwvheedn I w as invitien1d 98a1n d1 98t9og ivae s erioefsl ectuartet sh eC ollege deF rancTeh.e " Colleigsea" w onderful insctrietauttbeiydo n FrancIit soc ountertahceat r rogaanncde backwarodftn hee$s osr ­ bonnea,n dt oe xempliafy c enteorfe xcelleJnacceq.u Reusffl e's arrangememnottisv amteed t owri te my lecturaensdg, a vmee the wondelfchualn cet ot wices penad m onthi nP arisi nt hes pring, delivetrihnegm I.n 1 99O4d,i lJea coebx presisnetde rienps utb lish­ ingt hel ectuirnea s n ews erieosf b ookbsa seodn c oursaetst he Collegaen,ds oI r ewromtye lectufrreosm s cratfcohrt het hird timeT.h eI taleidaint iwoansa f ourtohp portunMiyt fyo.r mesrt u­ dentM ark Seielswtaasdn otd eterrbeyds ignificdiafnfte rences betweent heF rencahn dt heI taliaend itionbsu,tu setdh emb otihn ordetroi mprotvheeE nglitsrha nslawtihoinc,hh e c ompletwehdi le int het hrooefsp reparhiinsgP h.Ddi.s sertataitoH na rvardT.h e needt or evisteh eE ngliesdhi tiowna sa lsao n ewa ndi rresistible temptatfioomrne tou pdataen dm odify theb ooka gaiTnh.i fisf th IX