Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5235 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA AlfredKobsa UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen UniversityofDortmund,Germany MadhuSudan MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA GerhardWeikum Max-PlanckInstituteofComputerScience,Saarbruecken,Germany Ralf Lämmel Joost Visser João Saraiva (Eds.) Generative and Transformational Techniques in Software Engineering II International Summer School, GTTSE 2007 Braga, Portugal, July 2-7, 2007 Revised Papers 1 3 VolumeEditors RalfLämmel UniversitätKoblenz-Landau,Fachbereich4 InstitutfürInformatik,B127 Universitätsstraße1,56070Koblenz,Germany E-mail:[email protected] JoostVisser SoftwareImprovementGroup A.J.Ernststraat595-H,1082LDAmsterdam,TheNetherlands E-mail:[email protected] JoãoSaraiva UniversidadedoMinho,DepartamentodeInformática CampusdeGualtar,4710-057Braga,Portugal E-mail:[email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber:Appliedfor CRSubjectClassification(1998):B.2,C.1,C.2,C.5,D.2,D.3 LNCSSublibrary:SL2–ProgrammingandSoftwareEngineering ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-540-88642-7SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-88642-6SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2008 PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:12527151 06/3180 543210 Preface The second instance of the international summer school on Generative and Transformational Techniques in Software Engineering (GTTSE 2007) was held in Braga, Portugal, during July 2–7, 2007. This volume contains an augmented selection of the material presented at the school, including full tutorials, short tutorials, and contributions to the participants workshop. The GTTSE summer school series brings together PhD students, lecturers, technology presenters, as well as other researchers and practitioners who are interested in the generation and the transformation of programs, data, models, metamodels, documentation, and entire software systems. This concerns many areas of software engineering:software reverseand re-engineering,model-driven engineering, automated software engineering, generic language technology, to name a few. These areas differ with regard to the specific sorts of metamodels (or grammars, schemas, formats etc.) that underlie the involved artifacts, and with regard to the specific techniques that are employed for the generation and the transformation of the artifacts. The first instance of the school was held in 2005 and its proceedings appeared as volume 4143 in the LNCS series. The 2007instance of GTTSE offered eight tutorials, given by renowned rep- resentatives of complementary approaches and problem domains. Each tutorial combinesfoundations,methods,examples,andtoolsupport.Theprogramofthe summer school also featured eight invited technology presentations, which pre- sented concrete support for generative and transformational techniques. These presentations complemented each other in terms of the chosen application do- mains, case studies, and the underlying concepts. Furthermore, the program of theschoolincludedaparticipantsworkshoptowhichallstudentsofthesummer school were asked to submit an extended abstract beforehand. The Organizing Committeereviewedtheseextendedabstractsandinvited12studentstopresent their work at the workshop. Thisvolumecontainsextendedandrevisedversionsofthematerialpresented atthesummerschool.Eachofthesevenfulltutorialsincludedherewasreviewed by two members of the Scientific Committee of GTTSE 2007.The five included short tutorials were reviewed by three members each. The four included par- ticipant contributions were selected on the basis of three reviews for each such submission. All submissions were carefully revised based on the reviews. We aregratefulto alllecturersandparticipantsofthe schoolfortheirenthu- siasmandhardwork in preparingexcellentmaterialfor the schoolitself andfor these proceedings. Due to their efforts the event was a great success, which we trust the reader finds reflected in this volume. April 2008 Ralf La¨mmel Joost Visser Joa˜o Saraiva Organization GTTSE 2007was hostedby the Departamento de Informa´tica,Universidadedo Minho, Braga,Portugal. Executive Committee ProgramCo-chair Ralf L¨ammel (Microsoft, Redmond, USA) ProgramCo-chair Joost Visser (Software Improvement Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Organizing Chair Joa˜o Saraiva (Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal) Scientific Committee Uwe Aßmann TU Dresden, Germany Paulo Borba Universidade Federal de Pernambuco,Brazil Mark van den Brand Technical University Eindhoven, The Netherlands Charles Consel LaBRI/INRIA, France Jim Cordy Queen’s University, Canada Alcino Cunha Universidade do Minho, Portugal Jean-Luc Dekeyser Universit´edesSciencesetTechnologiesdeLille, France Andrea DeLucia Universita` di Salerno, Italy Stephen Freund Williams College, UK Jeff Gray University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA Reiko Heckel University of Leicester, UK Go¨rel Hedin Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden Dirk Heuzeroth IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH, Germany Zhenjiang Hu The University of Tokyo, Japan Ralf La¨mmel Microsoft Corporation, USA Julia Lawall University of Copenhagen, Denmark Cristina Lopes University of California at Irvine, USA Tom Mens University of Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Marjan Mernik University of Maribor, Slovenia Klaus Ostermann Technical University Darmstadt, Germany Jens Palsberg UCLA, USA Benjamin C. Pierce University of Pennsylvania, USA Joa˜o Saraiva Universidade do Minho, Portugal Andy Schu¨rr Technical University Darmstadt, Germany VIII Organization Anthony Sloane Macquarie University, Australia Perdita Stevens University of Edinburgh, UK Peter Thiemann Universita¨t Freiburg, Germany Simon Thompson University of Kent, UK Joost Visser Universidade do Minho, Portugal Victor Winter University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA Eric Van Wyk University of Minnesota, USA Albert Zu¨ndorf University of Kassel, Germany Organizing Committee Alcino Cunha Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal Joa˜o Saraiva Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal Ricardo Vilac¸a Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal Joost Visser Software Improvement Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sponsoring Institutions Centro de Ciˆencias e Tecnologias de Computa¸c˜ao Luso-American Foundation Software Improvement Group Table of Contents I Full Tutorials Design Space of Heterogeneous Synchronization...................... 3 Michal(cid:1) Antkiewicz and Krzysztof Czarnecki Software Reuse beyond Components with XVCL (Tutorial)............ 47 Stan Jarzabek .QL: Object-Oriented Queries Made Easy ........................... 78 Oege de Moor, Damien Sereni, Mathieu Verbaere, Elnar Hajiyev, Pavel Avgustinov, Torbjo¨rn Ekman, Neil Ongkingco, and Julian Tibble Transforming Data by Calculation ................................. 134 Jos´e N. Oliveira How to Write Fast Numerical Code: A Small Introduction............. 196 Srinivas Chellappa, Franz Franchetti, and Markus Pu¨schel A Gentle Introduction to Multi-stage Programming,Part II ........... 260 Walid Taha WebDSL: A Case Study in Domain-Specific Language Engineering ..... 291 Eelco Visser II Short Tutorials Model-Driven Engineering of Rules for Web Services ................. 377 Marko Ribari´c, Dragan Gaˇsevi´c, Milan Milanovi´c, Adrian Giurca, Sergey Lukichev, and Gerd Wagner An Introduction to Context-Oriented Programming with ContextS ..... 396 Robert Hirschfeld, Pascal Costanza, and Michael Haupt A Landscape of Bidirectional Model Transformations ................. 408 Perdita Stevens Evolving a DSL Implementation ................................... 425 Laurence Tratt Adding Dimension Analysis to Java as a Composable Language Extension (Extended Abstract) ................................... 442 Eric Van Wyk and Yogesh Mali X Table of Contents III Participants Contributions Model Transformations for the Compilation of Multi-processor Systems-on-Chip................................................. 459 E´ric Piel, Philippe Marquet, and Jean-Luc Dekeyser Implementation of a Finite State Machine with Active Libraries in C++......................................................... 474 Zolt´an Juh´asz, A´d´am Sipos, and Zolt´an Porkol´ab Automated Merging of Feature Models Using Graph Transformations... 489 Sergio Segura, David Benavides, Antonio Ruiz-Cort´es, and Pablo Trinidad Modelling the Operational Semantics of Domain-Specific Modelling Languages ...................................................... 506 Guido Wachsmuth Author Index.................................................. 521 Part I Full Tutorials Design Space of Heterogeneous Synchronization Michal(cid:2) Antkiewicz and Krzysztof Czarnecki Universityof Waterloo Generative Software Development Lab {mantkiew,k2czarne}@uwaterloo.ca http://gsd.uwaterloo.ca Abstract. Thistutorialexploresthedesignspaceofheterogeneous syn- chronization, which is concerned with establishing consistency among artifacts that conform to different schemas or are expressed in different languages. Our main application scenario is synchronization of software artifacts, such as code, models, and configuration files. We classify het- erogeneoussynchronizersaccordingtothecardinalityoftherelationthat they enforce between artifacts, their directionality, their incrementality, andwhethertheysupportreconciliation ofconcurrentupdates.Wethen provideaframeworkofartifactoperatorsthatdescribesdifferentwaysof buildingheterogeneoussynchronizers,suchassynchronizersbasedonar- tifact or update translation. The design decisions within the framework are described using feature models. We present 16 concrete instances of the framework, discuss tradeoffs among them, and identify sample implementations for some of them. We also explore additional design decisions suchasrepresentation ofupdates,establishing correspondence amongmodelelements,andstrategiesforselectingasinglesynchroniza- tion result from a set of alternatives. Finally, we discuss related fields including data synchronization, inconsistency management in software engineering, model management, and model transformation. 1 Introduction The sheer complexity of today’s software-intensive systems can only be con- quered by incremental and evolutionary development. As Brooks points out [1], “teams can grow much more complex entities in four months than they can build,” where “build” refers to the traditional engineering approach of specify- ing structures accurately and completely before they are constructed. However, despite important advances in software methods and technology, such as agile development and object orientation, evolving software to conform to a changed set of requirements is notoriously hard. Evolution is hard because it requires keeping multiple software artifacts such as specifications, code, configuration files, and tests, consistent. A simple change in one artifact may require multi- ple changes in many artifacts and current development tools offer little help in identifyingthe artifactsandtheirpartsthatneedto bechangedandperforming the changes. R.L¨ammel,J.Visser,andJ.Saraiva(Eds.): GTTSE2007,LNCS5235,pp. 3–46,2008. (cid:1)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2008