Generating Trail Conditions Using User Contributed Data Through a Web Application by Alvin Yeung A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the USC Graduate School University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science (Geographic Information Science and Technology) December 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Alvin Yeung To my family, who have supported me throughout this process. Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... xi Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... xii Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 1.1. Motivation .........................................................................................................................13 1.2. Objective ...........................................................................................................................14 1.3. Application Overview .......................................................................................................14 1.3.1. Intended Users .........................................................................................................14 1.3.2. Study Area ...............................................................................................................14 1.3.3. Application Development ........................................................................................15 1.4. Thesis Organization ..........................................................................................................16 Related Work................................................................................................................ 17 2.1. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) ....................................................................17 2.1.1. VGI for Use by Public Agencies .............................................................................19 2.1.2. Elements of Spatial Data Quality .............................................................................20 2.1.3. Assuring the Quality of VGI ....................................................................................22 2.2. Assessing VGI Data Quality .............................................................................................26 2.2.1. Completeness of VGI ...............................................................................................26 2.2.2. VGI Positional Accuracy .........................................................................................27 2.2.3. Using VGI to Enhance Datasets ..............................................................................28 2.2.4. Issues with VGI Quality...........................................................................................29 2.3. OpenStreetMap (OSM) .....................................................................................................30 iv 2.4. VGI Text Analysis ............................................................................................................33 2.4.1. Thematic Analysis ...................................................................................................34 2.4.2. Semantic Analysis ....................................................................................................36 2.5. Existing Trail Applications ...............................................................................................36 2.5.1. Trestima ...................................................................................................................36 2.5.2. Trekker .....................................................................................................................37 2.5.3. Los Angeles County Trails Web Application ..........................................................38 2.6. Web Application and Website Design ..............................................................................38 2.6.1. Web Application Design ..........................................................................................39 2.6.2. Website Design ........................................................................................................39 Requirements ................................................................................................................ 41 3.1. Application Objectives......................................................................................................41 3.2. User Requirements ............................................................................................................42 3.3. Functional Requirements ..................................................................................................42 3.4. Design Choices .................................................................................................................42 3.4.1. Software Choice .......................................................................................................43 3.4.2. Platform Choice .......................................................................................................43 3.4.3. User Interface Design ..............................................................................................43 Application Development ............................................................................................ 44 4.1. Data ...................................................................................................................................44 4.1.1. Preparing for VGI Submissions ...............................................................................44 4.1.2. Symbology ...............................................................................................................45 4.1.3. Map Extent ...............................................................................................................47 4.1.4. Attribute Fields ........................................................................................................49 4.1.5. Publishing to ArcGIS.com .......................................................................................50 v 4.2. Web App Creation ............................................................................................................51 4.2.1. Web Map ..................................................................................................................51 4.2.2. Esri’s Web AppBuilder ............................................................................................52 4.2.3. Widgets ....................................................................................................................52 4.3. Website Creation ...............................................................................................................54 4.3.1. Design ......................................................................................................................54 4.3.2. Publishing website to USC servers ..........................................................................56 4.4. Application Testing ...........................................................................................................56 Application Trial .......................................................................................................... 58 5.1. Hiker Subjects ...................................................................................................................58 5.2. Phases of the Trial .............................................................................................................59 5.3. Evaluation of the App from the Trial Phases ....................................................................62 5.4. Analysis of Data Collected ...............................................................................................63 5.4.1. Positional Analysis...................................................................................................63 5.4.2. Thematic Analysis ...................................................................................................66 5.4.3. Control Data Analysis ..............................................................................................69 5.5. Summary of Application Trial ..........................................................................................76 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 78 6.1. Success of Application ......................................................................................................78 6.2. Challenges in Development ..............................................................................................78 6.3. Scalability .........................................................................................................................79 6.4. Using this Web Application as a Template for Future Work ...........................................80 6.5. Limitations of the Project..................................................................................................81 6.6. Future Improvements ........................................................................................................82 6.6.1. VGI Preparation for City Submission ......................................................................84 vi 6.7. Final Words .......................................................................................................................86 References ..................................................................................................................................... 87 vii List of Figures Figure 1 Workflow diagram.......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2 Symbols for each feature type ........................................................................................ 46 Figure 3 VGI submission groupings ............................................................................................. 47 Figure 4 The initial view of the web map in the web application ................................................. 48 Figure 5 A zoomed in view of the web map in the web application ............................................ 49 Figure 6 Popup of a Creek/Stream Feature ................................................................................... 52 Figure 7 Instructions and a legend below the web application ..................................................... 55 Figure 8 Feature submission fields ............................................................................................... 61 Figure 9 Participant “A” VGI submissions ................................................................................... 64 Figure 10 Clustering of VGI submissions for a sign feature ........................................................ 65 Figure 11 Clustering of VGI submissions for a river feature ....................................................... 65 Figure 12 Theme diagram for the thematic analysis ..................................................................... 67 Figure 13 Categorized features ..................................................................................................... 69 Figure 14 Photographic VGI of each participant .......................................................................... 70 Figure 15 GPS malfunctions on the participants’ mobile phones................................................. 72 Figure 16 Three pictures of the same creek, taken from different locations ................................ 75 Figure 17 Locations of the photos taken in ArcMap .................................................................... 75 Figure 18 Participant B and C photographic VGI submissions of a sign ..................................... 76 viii List of Tables Table 1 Elements of spatial data quality in five sources (Source: van Oort 2005) ....................... 21 Table 2 Rattlesnake Canyon Trail Features .................................................................................. 45 Table 3 A single participant’s VGI submissions .......................................................................... 66 Table 4 Keywords to determine if a feature is in “Good Condition” or “Poor Condition” .......... 68 Table 5 Distance in feet from photo point position to feature position ........................................ 73 ix Acknowledgements I am grateful to my advisor, Professor Kemp, for all her assistance throughout this entire process, as well as my other committee members. I would like to thank the City of Santa Barbara for providing the data used in this project. I would also like to thank all the hikers for their participation. x