KASDI MERBAH UNIVERSITY-OUARGLA- Faculty of Letters and Foreign Languages Department of English Language and Letters Dissertation: Academic Master Field: English Language and Letters Major : Translation and Translation Studies (English ↔Arabic) Prepared by: CHIHI Echihi : KHALDI Mohammed Salah Title: Publically defended On: 13 /05/2017 th Before the Jury: President: SADOUNE Farida UKM-Ouargla- Supervisor: BELARBI Ahmed Noureddine UKM-Ouargla- Examiner: CHOUCHANI ABIDI Mohammed UKM-Ouargla- Academic Year: 2016/2017 Dedication Great Thanks to My beloved parents, thank you for patiently listening to all my worries and stresses Thank you for caring enough to get me out of all my messes, Thank you for being my constant support, Thank you for lifting my spirits and letting me know there is a «hope” Thank you for being the best parents a Son could ever have, I love you with all my heart, Today and forever more Great thanks also to my unique dear brothers, and sisters all by his name To the ones who were always with me and to my dear partner Mohammed Saleh To my dear supervisor Mr. Belarbi for his unremitting assistance This work is dedicated “Chihi” Dedication To my dear parents sisters and brother, To whom I will never forget Dear teacher Belarbi Ahmed Noureddine, I am extremely indebted to him a depth endless gratitude for his encouragement and precious advices …etc To whom I learnt from, since I born till tomorrow… TO all my friends, To my binomial Chihi , To all whom I know. I dedicate this modest work “Khaldi” II Acknowledgments Above all, we thank Allah for giving us the strength to undertake this work Glory and praise to Him. Gratitude goes to our supervisor Mr Belarbi Ahmad Noureddine , for his assistance, meticulous comments and guidance, Gratitude also goes to the members of the jury for accepting to read this work and for any remarks they provide to refine it, Special thanks to all teachers of English Language department, Last but not least, special gratitude goes to our families for their support, encouragement and patience, Finally, we would like to extend appreciations to all who helped us in one way or another to fulfill this humble work. III *Abstract This analytical study aims at investigating the translation of allusions in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter (1850) from English into Arabic, as well as investigating to what extent Ritva Leppihalme’s (1997) strategies of translating allusions have been applicable in the translation of Djadhibia Sedki (1958). This study aims also at identifying the difficulty in comprehending allusions in TL, based on the strategy adopted in translating the allusions and other factors that are involved in the translation of allusion for both the translator and the TT readers. These factors including, cultural familiarity, linguistic competence, the ability to recognize allusions in their forms (PN and KPH allusions) in the cultural context of the TL. In addition, the “culture bump” that occurs to TT readers while encountering unfamiliar allusion. This study , as well, would shed light on the extent to which the translator have understood the function of allusions in the TT through studying some examples from the ST ,and classifying them in tables followed by the analysis of allusions’ function in the novel and the translator’s translation . The study has shown that the translator failed in some situations, because faithfulness is not always a criterion for a good translation, especially; in case of unfamiliar allusions; where the understanding is limited to the competent readers. *Keywords: Allusion , cultural familiarity, culture bump, recognizability, translation strategy . صخلم* لااناثان" لكقح لأد بتاك ر ييق ح رد ةادددددد ردي يدقداة لت لادىات لرد يدتاحت لت ادىمرد رف يدا ا ىلرد يددددددادةفدرد ا دذ فدهت يتاحلر "مر اهامار افلقة" يقفن نفرد يتاحلترد لااجاتدحلاد قامطت نكتق ىف يأ ردا ، يابحعرد رف يق ا جنلإد ن )0581( "نةوثوذ لت لاىات لرد مهت لت يبوعددصرد نطدو فقفىت رف يددادةفرد فهت اتك . )0985( "ل فددص يابذاا" لتع ع )0991( لاىات لرد ماحلت ر يمدددسنراب لاىات لرد يتاحت يا تع لت ي خفلترد ل دوعردا لاىات لرد يتاحت لت انملترد ياجاتدحلدددالاد ن ا لاطند فهرد يغ رد : ل دوعرد ا ذ ن حك نا فهرد ئةا ردا يتاحلرد يا تعا ماحلترد ن لك ع حامك حاثأت اهر ل دوعرد ا ذ نأ فاكا فهرد ئةا ردا لدةامعرد ا م عرد ءاتددددداأ( اهراكدددددشأب لاىات لرد ااتت ياناك ف ا يقوغ رد ءافكرد ا فهرد ئةا ردا ماحلترد ن لكر لتا ثرد ماترلإد ع ءوضرد يادةفرد ط سلا اتك . حات لرد ياذا مهت لت فهرد ئةا ر لتا ثرد كامتةلاد د ك ا فهرد يغ ر لتا ثرد قااسرد لت )ياحالفترد اعمت( لادفا لت اهفانددصتا ةفددصترد يغ رد ن جذاتنرد ضعب لا ىت للاخ ن ةفددصترد يغ رد لت لاىات لرد يفاظور ماحلترد مهت ىف ف ا .اهر يتاحلترد يتاحت ا يقداحرد لت لاىات لرد فئاظور لا ىلب يعمل )ياحالف لدةامعا م ع ءاتدداأ ن يف لخترد لاىات لرد اددصر دذف صخلأاب ا ،لاىات لرد يتاحلر ةااع اتئدد سار لددصلأر ءاتورد نلا لاىات ل ر اهلتاحت لت لدد فرد نطدو ضعب يددادةفرد لحهظأ .نكتلترد ئةا رد ع دةوص مهفرد نوكق ااح .ةفصترد ئةا رد ا فهرد ئةا رد اهات كحل ق لا ياتا ث ياصوصخ دذ تناك . يتاحلرد ياجاتدحلاد ، ااتلرد ياناك ف ،لتا ثرد كامتةلاد ،لتا ثرد ماترلإد ، حات لرد :ةيحاتفملا تاملكلا* IV List of Symbols and Abbreviations CSI: culture-specific item KPH: key-phrase PN: proper name SL: source language TL: target language ST: source text TT: target text (1a) (1b) (1c) : Retention strategies (2a) (2b) : Replacement strategies (3a) (3b) : Omission strategies V List of Tables Table.1 Actual Strategies of Translated PN allusions 32 Table .2 Actual Strategies of Translated KPH allusions 40 VI Table of Contents Page Dedication…………………………………………………………………………. I Dedication…………………………………………………………………………... I I Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………….. III Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. IV List of Symbols and Abbreviations ………………………………………………. V List of Tables……………………………………………………………………….. VI Table of Content…………………………………………………………………… VII General Introduction……………………………………………………………… Background to the study ……………………………………………………….. 1 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………. 2 Research Question………………………………………………………………. 2 Research Hypothesis……………………………………………………………. 2 Aim of the study………………………………………………………………… 3 Objective of the study………………………………………………………….. 3 Structure of study……………………………………………………………… 3 Research Methodology………………………………………………………… 4 Limitation of study…………………………………………………………….. 4 The Theoretical Framework Chapter one: Allusions as textual elements and translation problems Part I) Allusions as textual elements 5 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. Definition…………………………………………………………………… I.1) Allusions as an “intertext”………………………………………………… 6 I.2) Dialogic nature of allusions and reader’s participation…………….. 6 I.3) The use of allusions in literary texts, aim and purpose……………... 7 I.4) Modified allusions and stereotyped allusions………………………... 8 I.5) Allusions as a “culture bumps”………………………………………. 8 I.6) Intertextuality, allusions and “intertextual space”…………………. 9 I.7) culture specific items and translation problems …………………. 11 Part II) Allusions as translation problem II.2) Forms of allusions………………………………………………….. 11 Definitions……………………………………………………………… 11 II.3) Approaches to the translation of allusions……………………….. 13 VII II.4) Translator as a competent reader and decision –maker……………. 13 II.5) Function of allusions…………………………………………………... 14 a) Thematic allusions…………………………………………………… 15 b) The use of allusions for characterization…………………………. 16 b.1) Allusions as indicators of interpersonal relationship………… 16 II.6) Reader’s, translator’s recognizability and familiarity with allusions 17 II.7) Translation strategies…………………………………………………. 18 A) The concept of translation strategy……………………………….. 18 B) Leppihalme’s strategies of translating allusions………………….. 19 B.1) Potential strategies for translating PN allusions ……………. 19 B.2) Potential strategies for translating KPH allusion……………. 20 II.8) Gain and Loss………………………………………………………… 21 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. The Practical Part Part I) Historical Framework of Scarlet Letter Introduction……………………………………………………… I.1) Hawthorne’s literary style………………………… 24 2 5 I.2) Hawthorne and the scarlet A……………………………………… 25 I.3) Summary of the novel……………………………………… 25 I.4) Central Characters………………………………………… 26 I.5) Illusive Shadows on The Scarlet Letter……………………………… 27 I.6) Critical views on the novel………………………………………… 27 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 28 Part II) Analysis of Translated Allusions in Scarlet Letter Introduction……………………………………………………………. II.1) Overview of the translated version of the novel…………………………… 30 II.2) Methodology…………………………………………………………………….. 31 II.3) Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………. 32 II.4) Analysis and Discussions………………………………………………………. 34 VIII II.4.1) PN allusions ………………………………………………………………….. 34 Retention strategies (1a) (1b) (1c) ………………………………………… 34 Replacement strategies (2a) (2b) ………………………………………… 36 Omission strategies (3a) (3b) ……………………………………………… 38 II.4.2) KPH allusions…………………………………………………… 41 Standard translation (A)………………………………………………………… 41 Literal translation/ minimum change (B)………………………………………. 43 Addition of extra- allusive guidance (C)………………………………………… 44 Footnotes, endnotes and additional explanations outside the text itself (D) 45 Simulated familiarity or internal marking (E) …………………………………. 45 Replacement by preformed target-language item (F) ………………………….. 45 Reduction to sense by rephrasal (G) …………………………………………….. 46 Omission of KPH allusion (I) ……………………………………………………. 46 Findings…………………………………………………………………. 47 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… 49 Indication for further research ………………………………………... 50 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………. .......................................................................................................................ةيبرعلاب رداصملا ةمئاق Glossary ……………………………………………………………………………………… ........................................................................................................................ةيبرعلاب ثحبلا صخلم IX