Version General Certificate of Education (A-level) January 2012 Geography GEOG1 (Specification 2030) Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography Post-Standardisation Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all examiners participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates‟ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each examiner analyses a number of candidates‟ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates‟ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year‟s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available from: aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2012 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. Copyright AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 GEOG1, GEO4A and GEO4B General Guidance for GCE Geography Assistant Examiners Marking – the philosophy Marking should be positive rather than negative. Mark schemes – layout and style The mark scheme for each question will have the following format: a) Notes for answers (nfa) – exemplars of the material that might be offered by candidates b) Mark scheme containing advice on the awarding of credit and levels indicators. Point marking and Levels marking a) Questions with a mark range of 1-4 marks will be point marked. b) Levels will be used for all questions with a tariff of 5 marks and over. c) Two levels only for questions with a tariff of 5 to 8 marks. d) Three levels to be used for questions of 9 to 15 marks. Levels Marking – General Criteria Everyone involved in the levels marking process (examiners, teachers, students) should understand the criteria for moving from one level to the next – the “triggers”. The following general criteria are designed to assist all involved in determining into which band the quality of response should be placed. It is anticipated that candidates‟ performances under the various elements will be broadly inter-related. Once the Level has been determined, examiners should initially set the mark at the middle of the mark range for that level (or the upper value where no mid value exists). Then refine the mark up or down using the General Criteria, Notes For Answers and the additional question specific levels guidance. Further development of these principles will be discussed during Standardisation meetings. In broad terms the levels will operate as follows: Level 1: attempts the question to some extent (basic) An answer at this level is likely to:  display a basic understanding of the topic  make one or two points without support of appropriate exemplification or application of principle  demonstrate a simplistic style of writing perhaps lacking close relation to the terms of the question and unlikely to communicate complexity of subject matter  lack organisation, relevance and specialist vocabulary  demonstrate deficiencies in legibility, spelling, grammar and punctuation which detract from the clarity of meaning. Level 2: answers the question (well/clearly) An answer at this level is likely to:  display a clear understanding of the topic  make one or two points with support of appropriate exemplification and/or application of principle  give a number of characteristics, reasons, attitudes (“more than one”) where the question requires it  provide detailed use of case studies  give responses to more than one command e.g. “describe and explain..”  demonstrate a style of writing which matches the requirements of the question and acknowledges the potential complexity of the subject matter  demonstrate relevance and coherence with appropriate use of specialist vocabulary  demonstrate legibility of text, and qualities of spelling, grammar and punctuation which do not detract from the clarity of meaning. 3 Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 Level 3: answers the question very well (detailed) An answer at this level is likely to:  display a detailed understanding of the topic  make several points with support of appropriate exemplification and/or application of principle  give a wide range of characteristics, reasons, attitudes, etc.  provide highly detailed accounts of a range of case studies  respond well to more than one command  demonstrate evaluation, assessment and synthesis throughout  demonstrate a sophisticated style of writing incorporating measured and qualified explanation and comment as required by the question and reflecting awareness of the complexity of subject matter and incompleteness/ tentativeness of explanation  demonstrate a clear sense of purpose so that the responses are seen to closely relate to the requirements of the question with confident use of specialist vocabulary  demonstrate legibility of text, and qualities of spelling, grammar and punctuation which contribute to complete clarity of meaning. CMI+ annotations  The annotation tool will be available for levels response questions.  Where an answer is marked using a levels response scheme the examiner should annotate the script with 'L1', 'L2' or 'L3 at the point where that level has been reached. At each point where the answer reaches that level the appropriate levels indicator should be given. In addition examiners may want to indicate strong material by annotating the script as “Good Level…”. Further commentary may also be given at the end of the answer. Where an answer fails to achieve Level 1 zero marks should be given.  Where answers do not require levels of response marking, the script should not be annotated. For point marked questions where no credit-worthy points are made, zero marks should be given.  The following is a list of the annotations available on the CMI+ system: Generic adv - advantage expl - explanation ass - assesses h - human char - characteristic i - illustrates com - comment l - links desc - description own kn - own knowledge disadv - disadvantage p - physical dis - discusses sup - support ex - examines sust - sustainability eg - example/case-study twe - to what extent Other mechanics of marking  Various codes may be used such as: „rep‟ (repeated material), „va‟ (vague), „NAQ‟ (not answering question), „seen‟, etc.  Unless indicated otherwise, always mark text before marking maps and diagrams. Do not give double credit for the same point in text and diagrams. 4 Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 SECTION A Question 1 1 (a) Months of January, February, March and December have surplus. (4 marks) 2 marks if all 4;1 mark if three, likely to be January – March. June or July – where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation by 45-50mm AO1 – 2 approx. AO2 – 1 Soil moisture recharge is the replenishment of stores of water used during AO3 – 1 warmer months when evapotranspiration has exceeded precipitation, when there is a net balance in favour of precipitation, water lost from the soil will be replaced. Maximum 3 on first 2 parts and last part. 1 (b) (i) Sketch plan should show recognisable outline of river channels and build – up of (4 marks) land along them, with infilling between those on the right-hand side of plan. Labels likely to include – distributaries, bird‟s foot shape of delta, land extending AO1 – 1 along distributaries, levees, evidence of deposition/shallower water on edges of AO2 – 1 land, large amounts of sediment present in waters off the developed part of the AO3 – 2 delta. Allow 1 for sketch and 3 for appropriate labels. 1 (b) (ii) There are certain conditions that are present which encourage the formation of (7 marks) deltas. The presence of a large amount of sediment is essential – brought down by large rivers. Mississippi transports 450m tonnes per year. The limited AO1 – 5 removal of this by small range of tides is also significant – thus deltas form in AO2 – 2 areas such as the Mediterranean, Gulf of Mexico. The presence of relatively calm seas encourages the deposition of material, as does the process of flocculation where the salt present in the water in the sea generates an electrical charge that causes particles to stick together, increasing cohesion and weight and encouraging deposition. There may be reference to the land extending out especially along distributaries and the fact that the largest material is deposited first. This links in with reference to topset, foreset & bottomset beds. Level 1 (Basic) 1-4 marks Begins to explain – ideas separate initially. There is a partial sequence and begins to link ideas at top end. Some use of appropriate terminology present at the higher end. CMI annotation L1 Begins to explain separate ideas. L1 Partial sequence Level 2 (Clear) 5-7 marks Explanation is clear/sequence given. Links between different aspects and interrelated nature is recognised. Appropriate geographical terminology is used. CMI annotation L2 Clear expl/sequence 5 Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 L2 Recognises links in sequence 1 (c) There may be some discussion of the concept of flooding – which occurs when (15 marks) rivers exceeds bankfull level. There should be a recognition of the physical factors responsible – such as AO1 – 7 periods of heavy rain, especially when preceded by earlier wet conditions AO2 – 8 (Tewkesbury, Sheffield etc 2007), the role of snowmelt (Malton 2000 – 01), natural hazards such as Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans or deep depressions in areas such as UK, the part played by impermeable rock, steep slopes, shape and size of drainage basin, drainage density. There should be recognition of how these cause flooding, linked to rates of runoff versus infiltration and causes of rapid runoff. Human causes should also be discussed – with reference to urbanisation – building of impermeable surfaces and then installing drainage systems – deforestation and river management such as straightening, building of levees and dams being the most likely inclusions. Again there should be recognition of the impact of these and reference to how they cause floods. Examples/case studies are not a requirement, but are a useful way of illustrating causes. There should be an assessment of the relative importance that reflects the content of the answer. Level 1 (Basic) 1-6 marks Identifies physical causes and/or human causes. Tentative links to how flooding results from e.g. intense rainfall. Information likely to be generic. Some use of appropriate terminology present at the higher end. CMI annotation L1 Identifies phys and/or hum causes L1 Links cause to fl tentatively Level 2 (Clear) 7-12 marks Seeks to explain how physical factors and/or people cause flooding - links to runoff and infiltration are present. There may be imbalance between the two causes. May relate to case studies/illustrate points made. Appropriate geographical terminology is used. Tentative/implicit assessment of relative importance. CMI annotation L2 Begins to explain L2 Tentative/implicit assessment 6 Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 Level 3 (Detailed) 13-15 marks Explains clearly how physical factors and people cause flooding – clearly appreciates sequence of events set in motion linked to drainage basin hydrological cycle. There will be balance between the two aspects. May use case studies/detail and purpose in exemplification. Specific terminology is used throughout. Explicit assessment of relative importance – probably suggesting overall importance of physical factors, but made worse by role people play. CMI annotation L3 Clear sequence of explanation L3 Explicit assessment – supported by evidence 7 Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 Question 2 2 (a) There is a net loss in all years in both the glacier and the ice sheet. In both, the (4 marks) rate of loss appears to be accelerating from -1.09 to -2.29, an increased net loss of 1.20 metres of water equivalent per year for the glacier and -90 to -220, an AO1 – 2 increased net loss of 130km3 of ice for the ice sheet. The ice sheet has a AO2 – 1 sustained loss, with rates increasing for the period shown. However, the loss AO3 – 1 fluctuates for the glacier, reducing in 1984 especially from the 1974 start date, before increasing in 1994 by 0.28 and a substantial increase in 2004 from 1994 of 1.70 metres of water equivalent. 4 x 1 Allow 1 mark for valid use of evidence on each part of the table – where figures are manipulated, not just lifted from the table. Maximum 3 on one half of table. 2 (b) (i) X – Extensional/extending flow. Y – Compressional/compressing/rotational Flow (2 marks) 2 x 1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 1 2 (b) (ii) Internal deformation refers to ice movement that leads to the disorganisation of (2 marks) the individual ice crystals so that it changes shape and acts like plastic. The crystals orientate themselves in the direction of ice movement, but move at AO1 – 2 different rates. Those at the bottom are likely to remain still, whilst those above slide due to gravity. 2 x 1 2 (c) There should be a recognisable sketch of a pingo (open system or East (7 marks) Greenland type) identified as a dome shaped hill. Size may be added – from 1m up to 50/60m in height and 0.5/0.6km in width. Some may show a dome that AO1 – 4 has collapsed in the middle (closed system or Mackenzie type). There is likely AO2 – 2 to be a small lake at the centre of these. AO3 – 1 Explanation should refer to the formation of an ice lens or core beneath the dome shape which increases in size due to upward movement of additional water under pressure. The lens causes the doming at the surface and cracks to appear within the formation. Alternatively, explanation may refer to the process of development beneath lakes. The lakes insulate the land below and prevent it from freezing. However, the lake infills as sediment is deposited in it, it loses its insulating effect and permafrost present around it begins to encroach it. This traps the sediment on the former lake bed, between the advancing permafrost. The trapped groundwater also freezes, forming a mass of ice that pushes up the former sediment of the lake bed. 8 Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 Level 1 (Basic) 1-4 marks Recognisable shape of a pingo. One or two labels describing shape. Begins to explain. Answer may be partial – and an emphasis placed on one element. Sequence will be incomplete. Some use of appropriate terminology present at the higher end. No sketch – Level 1. Open system description with closed system explanation or vice versa. CMI annotation L1 Basic sketch L1 Begins to explain Level 2 (Clear) 5-7 marks Shape is clearly that of a pingo – will have some detail. Clear labels describing shape accurately, perhaps with reference to size. Response is more balanced with landforms being more fully explained. Explanation is clear. Sequence is complete so resulting landform is clear. Appropriate geographical terminology is used. CMI annotation L2 Detail/accuracy in sketch L2 Clear sequential explanation 2 (d) There is a need to focus on more recent developments as indicated in the (15 marks) question – these are oil (likely to be in Alaska), fishing and tourism. Oil is likely to relate to exploitation in Prudhoe Bay and the subsequent AO1 – 8 building of the trans–Alaska pipeline to Valdez and the 1002 lands within the AO2 – 7 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge where oil exploitation has been proposed. The need to build the pipeline to allow the oil to be taken to market is likely to be considered in the light of economic concerns – the need to secure supplies of oil, given issues in the Middle East and the size of the reserves – largest in North America. Environmentally, care was taken to construct the pipeline so that it runs above ground away from the permafrost for over half its length, with sideways movement permissible. Where it crosses beneath roads, or goes underground so as to avoid caribou migration routes, it is encased in thick insulation. The pipeline cost $8 billion and shifts 1.4 million barrels maximum per day. Fishing has become much more feasible given developments in technology related to shipping (including factory ships that process the catch and freeze at sea), locating fish and clothing that allows people to cope with harsh conditions more effectively. Since 1960s Southern Ocean has been exploited for a variety of fish, such as Antarctic rock cod (now so depleted that it cannot be fished), icefish and more recently the Patagonian toothfish. There are limits put in place (maximum sustainable yield) but these are exceeded and it is believed that actual amounts taken are 5 times the official figures – 113000 tonnes in 2001 (87% krill and 13% Patagonian toothfish). The Patagonian toothfish is easy to overfish as it lives a long time – 40 years – but its reproduction rate is low. 9 Mark Scheme – General Certificate of Education (A-level) Geography – Unit 1: Physical and Human Geography – January 2012 Fish caught that are not required are also lost as are albatross caught on lines – which can be reduced by baiting at night. Krill is the staple of the marine ecosystem and if this is overfished there are implications for the whole food chain. It is believed to be at sustainable levels at present largely due to the break-up of the Russian fleet following the demise of the USSR. Fishing is monitored in the Southern Ocean by the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Tourism is likely to refer to Alaska or Antarctica – this has seen significant increase in recent years with over 6000 visitors in 1992-3 and over 37000 in 2006-7. Most visitors arrive by boat – usually relatively small, although some carry 960 passengers – and are taken ashore in limited numbers with well- versed guides, who inform an interested audience. It is an expensive destination – costing in excess of £4000 per person. No litter/waste is left and research suggests that seals and penguins are not affected by tourists (although terns appear to be). Landing sites – 95% are not damaged. There is the need for caution however as it is a fragile environment, the re-introduction of flights over the area may have an impact, marine pollution – the sinking of the M/S Explorer off southern Shetland Islands in 2007. Sustainability should be an integral feature – whereby the use of the area does not lead to irrevocable environmental damage, but leaves it for future generations to experience. So too is the potential for economic sustainability, dependent on the activity and is linked to careful management. Level 1 (Basic) 1-6 marks Describes development(s). Possible basic reference to sustainability/a definition of sustainability. Points made are simple and random. CMI annotation L1 Describes developments L1 Defines sustainability Level 2 (Clear) 7-12 marks Description of development(s) is more specific and precise. Begins to target content to purpose. Considers links to sustainability. Points are supported in places. Tentative/implicit assessment of „to what extent‟. CMI annotation L2 Begins to link to sustainability L2 Tentative/implicit twe 10