Gendering Addiction The Politics of Drug Treatment in a Neurochemical World Nancy D. Campbell and Elizabeth Ettorre Gendering Addiction 99778800223300222288555599__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd ii 66//1155//22001111 33::5566::5511 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Gendering Addiction The Politics of Drug Treatment in a Neurochemical World Nancy D. Campbell Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, US Elizabeth Ettorre University of Liverpool, University of Plymouth, UK 99778800223300222288555599__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd iiiiii 66//1155//22001111 33::5566::5511 PPMM © Nancy D. Campbell & Elizabeth Ettorre 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–22855–9 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Campbell, Nancy D. (Nancy Dianne), 1963– Gendering addiction: the politics of drug treatment in a neurochemical world/Nancy Campbell, Elizabeth Ettorre. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–230–22855–9 (alk. paper) 1. Women drug addicts—Rehabilitation—United States. 2. Women— Drug use—United States. 3. Drug abuse—Treatment—United States. 4. Sex discrimination against women—United States. I. Ettorre, Elizabeth, 1948– II. Title. HV5824. W6C347 2011 616.86'06082—dc22 2011013739 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 99778800223300222288555599__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd iivv 66//1155//22001111 33::5566::5522 PPMM With gratitude and respect, we dedicate this book to our feminist mentors, Donna J. Haraway and Susanne MacGregor 99778800223300222288555599__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd vv 66//1155//22001111 33::5566::5522 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: Making Gender Matter: Drug-Using Women, Embodiment, and the Epistemologies of Ignorance 1 Part I Reinventing the Wheel 1 Getting Gender on the Agenda: A History of Pioneers in Drug Treatment for Women in the United States and the United Kingdom 29 2 Raising Consciousness or Controlling Women? Women’s Drug and Alcohol Treatment Re-Emerges 52 3 Undue Burdens: The Emergence of Feminist Treatment Advocacy in a Masculinist System 75 Part II Gendering the Governing Mentalities 4 ‘Unearthing Women’ in Drug Policy: Where Do Women Fit – Or Do They? 125 5 Reproducing Bodies and Governing Motherhood: Drug-Using Women and Reproductive Loss 157 Conclusion: Making Gender Matter in an Age of Neurochemical Selves 182 Notes 203 References 219 Index 242 vii 99778800223300222288555599__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd vviiii 66//1155//22001111 33::5566::5522 PPMM List of Figures I.1 Modes of knowledge 4 3.1 SSTAR parade float 115 viii 99778800223300222288555599__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd vviiiiii 66//1155//22001111 33::5566::5522 PPMM Acknowledgements Nancy D. Campbell would like to thank the Office of the Provost of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for granting the sabbatical leave that it took to finish this book in fall 2010. She also gratefully acknowledges the NSF RAMP UP Career Campaign Award that enabled the collabora- tion and the writing of the initial proposal. She gratefully acknowledges all those she interviewed for this book, including Carol Boyd, Vivian Brown, Norma Finkelstein, Loretta Finnegan, Lynn M. Paltrow, Nancy Paull, and Beth Glover Reed for their path-breaking work on behalf of drug-using women. She thanks Ned Woodhouse, Grace Campbell Woodhouse, and Isaac Campbell Eglash for affording her the time and space to write. Elizabeth (Betsy) Ettorre would like to thank Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for the grant that was used to travel to the US and write the initial book proposal at Wiawaka Women’s Retreat, Lake George, NY. A special thanks to the lovely women who were working there and/or visiting there at the time. Betsy also wishes to thank all of the women interviewed for the UK side of the study, including Virginia Berridge, Dorothy Black, Anne Delargy, Annas Dixon, Viv Evans, Cindy Fazey, Susanne MacGregor, Faye Macrory, Fiona Measham, Shirley Otto, and Betsy Thom. Betsy thanks Irmeli Laitinen for her support in the writing process. Both Nancy and Betsy are grateful to those who made it possible to present our work in progress: Carol Boyd and the University of Michigan Institute for Research on Women and Gender and the Substance Abuse Research Center; the Association for Feminist Epistemologies, Methodologies, and Science Studies; and Margrit Shildrick, Azrini Wahidin, and Deborah Steinberg who organized the seminar ‘Estranged Bodies’ funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, UK and sponsored by the Universities of Queen’s (Belfast), Warwick and Liverpool. Given that we found the writing of this book a pleasurable feminist experience in the sharing of our ideas, we recom- mend this way of working to feminist scholars everywhere. ix 99778800223300222288555599__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd iixx 66//1155//22001111 33::5566::5522 PPMM