a EDITION a oo e y i ( w oes road cane a | ( aoeeeieemeiee FEN cq E & aa Ph 1 eeS eeS P eS 4 Ne EASE REA t} j | N< en e ES || 4 i | IT§ 4 aeEE } a . eSBLS) Ord Pea a bat Y J et nFT RGR RPE e baS SOT TC d TO o z AEsacaeSen] eOMsn TEj ip T: eoitn. pSEROR v | e. 3 q 3 reer = 1 f athe ent Se EAIS T wi I T apcietseesces T A ‘ J | iD | Reader an gos anaker: || na u = t f i § ‘ ea i i : . © e I e ce ec asi ||| ~ GailD T a& ss [ \ a } —— a faves oa ae I | u e Je an M Hu aalsy4 4 e * Y S = q Gender, Race, and Class in Media Fourth Edition ce wiiii iil- LIBRARY 0034525 siheM ni esl bos. 90) 8 thi saad diiunt- au Gender, Race, and Class in Media A Critical Reader Fourth Edition Gail Dines Wheelock College Jean M. Humez University of Massachusetts, Boston Editors _ SAGE Los Angeles |L ondon |N ew Delhi Singapore |W ashington DC @SAGE Los Angeles |L ondon |N ew Delhi Singapore |W ashington DC FOR INFORMATION: Copyright © 2015 by SAGE Publications, Inc. SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or 2455 Teller Road utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 including photocopying, recording, or by any information E-mail: [email protected] storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. SAGE Publications Ltd. Printed in the United States of America 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Gender, Race, and Class in Media : A Critical Reader / editors, Gail Dines, Wheelock College, Jean M. Humez, University of SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. Massachusetts, Boston. — Fourth Edition. B 1/l 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area pages cm Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 Includes bibliographical references and index. India ISBN 978-1-4522-5906-2 (paperback : acid-free paper) SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street 1. Mass media and culture—United States. 2. Mass media and #10-04 Samsung Hub sex—United States. 3. Mass media and race relations—United Singapore 049483 States. 4. Social classes in mass media. 5. Mass media—Social aspects—United States. 6. Popular culture—United States. 7. United States—Social conditions—1980- I. Dines, Gail. II. Humez, Jean McMahon, 1944- P94.65.U6G46 2014 302.23'0973—dc23 2013039084 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Matthew Byrnie Production Editor: Laura Barrett f Certified Chain of Custody Copy Editor: Megan Granger SUSTAINABLE Promoting Sustainable Forestry Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. att E SWFwIw-.0 1s2f6i8p rogram.org SFI label applies to text stock Proofreader: Theresa Kay Indexer: Wendy Allex Cover Designer: Anthony Paular Marketing Manager: Liz Thornton 14.17 118 150:9 S17664 TENTS Preface x Acknowledgments xiv PART I. A CULTURAL STUDIES APPROACH TO MEDIA: THEORY 1 1. Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism, and Media Culture i Douglas Kellner 2. The Meaning of Memory: Family, Class, and Ethnicity in Early Network Television Programs 20 George Lipsitz 3. The Economics of the Media Industry 28 David P. Croteau, William D. Hoynes, and Stefania Milan 4. Hegemony 39 James Lull 5. The Internet’s Unholy Marriage to Capitalism 43 John Bellamy Foster and Robert W. McChesney 6. Extreme Makeover: Home Edition: An American Fairy Tale 51 Gareth Palmer 7. Women Read the Romance: The Interaction of Text and Context 58 Janice Radway 8. Star Trek Rerun, Reread, Rewritten: Fan Writing as Textual Poaching 69 Henry Jenkins III 9. Watching Television Without Pity: The Productivity of Online Fans 78 Mark Andrejevic 10. Reconsidering Resistance and Incorporation 87 Richard Butsch PART II. REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDER, RACE, AND CLASS 99 i The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media 104 Stuart Hall 123 “Global Motherhood”: The Transnational Intimacies of White Femininity 108 Raka Shome 13. Pornographic Eroticism and Sexual Grotesquerie in Representations of African American Sportswomen 118 James McKay and Helen Johnson 14. Hetero Barbie? 128 Mary FE Rogers By Transgender Transitions: Sex/Gender Binaries in the Digital Age 132 Kay Siebler 16. The “Rich Bitch”: Class and Gender on the Real Housewives of New York City 143 Michael J. Lee and Leigh Moscowitz 17; Big Talkers: Rush Limbaugh, Conservative Talk Radio, and the Defiant Reassertion of White Male Authority {57 Jackson Katz PART III. READING MEDIA TEXTS CRITICALLY 163 18. Pretending to Be “Postracial”: The Spectacularization of Race in Reality TV’s Survivor 167 Emily M. Drew 19: Television’s ‘New’ Feminism: Prime-Time Representations of Women and Victimization 175 Lisa M. Cuklanz and Sujata Moorti 20. More Than Baby Mamas: Black Mothers and Hip-Hop Feminism 187 Marlo David a. Political Culture Jamming: The Dissident Humor of The Daily Show With Jon Stewart 194 Jamie Warner PO Educating The Simpsons: Teaching Queer Representations in Contemporary Visual Media 203 Gilad Padva 23. Resisting, Reiterating, and Dancing Through: The Swinging Closet Doors of Ellen DeGeneres’s Televised Personalities 210 Candace Moore 24. “Sexy Like a Girl and Horny Like A Boy”: Contemporary Gay “Western” Narratives About Gay Asian Men 220 Chong-suk Han 25. When in Rome: Heterosexism, Homophobia and Sports Talk Radio 2a] David Nylund PART IV. ADVERTISING AND CONSUMER CULTURE 241 26. Image-Based Culture: Advertising and Popular Culture 246 Sut Jhally 27. The New Politics of Consumption: Why Americans Want So Much More Than They Need 251 Juliet Schor 28. Inventing the Cosmo Girl: Class Identity and Girl-Style American Dreams 258 Laurie Ouellette 29. Sex, Lies, and Advertising 271 Gloria Steinem 30. Supersexualize Me! Advertising and the “Midriffs” 278 Rosalind Gill 31. Branding “Real” Social Change in Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty 285 Dara Persis Murray 32. Nothing Less Than Perfect: Female Celebrity, Ageing, and Hyperscrutiny in the Gossip Industry 297 Kirsty Fairclough "33. To See and Be Seen: Celebrity Practice on Twitter 306 Alice Marwick and danah boyd 34. How to “Use Your Olympian”: The Paradox of Athlete Authenticity and Commercialization in the Contemporary Olympic Games 318 _ Momin Rahman and Sean Lockwood 35. Mapping Commercial Intertextuality: HBO’s True Blood oa Jonathan Hardy PART V. REPRESENTING SEXUALITIES 337 36. That Teenage Feeling: Twilight, Fantasy, and Feminist Readers 342 Anne Helen Petersen 37. Deadly Love: Images of Dating Violence in the “Twilight Saga” 354 Victoria E. Collins and Dianne C. Carmody 38. The White Man’s Burden: Gonzo Pornography and the Construction of Black Masculinity 366 Gail Dines 39. The Pornography of Everyday Life 373 Jane Caputi 40. There Are Bitches and Hoes 386 Tricia Rose 41. The Limitations of the Discourse of Norms: Gay Visibility and Degrees of Transgression 391 Jay Clarkson 42. Sex Lives in Second Life 398 Robert Alan Brookey and Kristopher L. Cannon 43. Queering Queer Eye: The Stability of Gay Identity Confronts the Liminality of Trans Embodiment 409 E. Tristan Booth PART VI. GROWING UP WITH CONTEMPORARY MEDIA 419 44, The Future of Childhood in the Global Television Market 423 Dafna Lemish 45. Growing Up Female in a Celebrity-Based Pop Culture 433 Gail Dines 46. La Princesa Plastica: Hegemonic and Oppositional Representations 441 of Latinidad in Hispanic Barbie Karen Goldman 47. Monarchs, Monsters, and Multiculturalism: Disney’s 449 Menu for Global Hierarchy Lee Artz 48. Constructing the “New Ethnicities”: Media, Sexuality and Diaspora Identity in the Lives of South Asian Immigrant Girls 455 Meenakshi Gigi Durham 49. HIV on TV: Conversations With Young Gay Men 464 Kathleen P. Farrell 50. Video Games and Machine Dreams of Domination 473 John Sanbonmatsu 2) bs Strategic Simulations and Our Past: The Bias of Computer Games in the 484 Presentation of History Kevin Schut 52: “You Play Like a Girl!” Cross-Gender Competition and the Uneven Playing Field 491 Elena Bertozzi PART VII. IS TV FOR REAL? 503 53. Six Decades of Social Class in American Television Sitcoms 507 Richard Butsch 54. Marketing “Reality” to the World: Survivor, Post-Fordism, and Reality Television 517 Chris Jordan Ey Critiquing Reality-Based Televisual Black Fatherhood: A Critical Analysis of Run’s House and Snoop Dogg’s Father Hood 524 Debra C. Smith 56. A Shot at Half-Exposure: Asian Americans in Reality TV Shows 536 Grace Wang . 57 “Take Responsibility for Yourself”: Judge Judy and the Neoliberal Citizen 545 Laurie Ouellette