Gender and Family in European Economic Policy Developments in the New Millennium Edited by Diana Auth, Jutta Hergenhan, and Barbara Holland-Cunz Gender and Family in European Economic Policy Diana Auth • Jutta Hergenhan • Barbara Holland-Cunz Editors Gender and Family in European Economic Policy Developments in the New Millennium Editors Diana Auth Jutta Hergenhan University of Applied Sciences University of Giessen Bielefeld, Germany Giessen, Germany Barbara Holland-Cunz University of Giessen Giessen, Germany ISBN 978-3-319-41512-3 ISBN 978-3-319-41513-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41513-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955844 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: © Sharon Lapkin/Getty Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland C ontents 1 Introduction: Rethinking Gender Equality Since the Turn of the Millennium 1 Diana Auth, Jutta Hergenhan, and Barbara Holland-Cunz Part I Gender Equality in Europe 13 2 Can We Call It a Revolution? Women, the Labour Market, and European Policy 15 Francesca Bettio Part II Gender Equality in the Economic Sphere 41 3 Symbolic Policy Making for Gender Equality: Comparing the Use of Quotas for Civil Service and Corporate Boards in France and Germany 43 Sophie Rouault 4 Overcoming the Gender Pay Gap: Equal Pay Policies Implementation in France and the United Kingdom 63 Cécile Guillaume v vi CONTENTS 5 Equal Pay by Gender and by Nationality: A Comparative Analysis of Switzerland’s Unequal Equal Pay Policy Regimes Across Time* 81 Roland Erne and Natalie Imboden Part III Gender Equality in the Realm of the Family 109 6 Reconciliation of Employment and Childcare in Austria, Germany and Iceland. Examples for  Gender Equality in Family Life? 111 Sigrid Leitner 7 From Implicit to Explicit Familialism: Post- 1989 Family Policy Reforms in Poland 129 Dorota Szelewa 8 Social Investment or Gender Equality? Aims, Instruments, and Outcomes of Parental Leave Regulations in Germany and Sweden 153 Diana Auth and Hanne Martinek Part IV Political Representation 177 9 The French Parity Law: A Successful Gender Equality Measure or a “Conservative Revolution”? 179 Catherine Achin 10 Political Representation of Women in Europe. What Accounts for the Increase in the 2000s? 199 Gesine Fuchs and Christine Scheidegger CONTENTS vii 11 Successes and Failures of Electoral Gender Quotas in a Global Perspective 227 Jutta Hergenhan Part V Conclusion 251 12 Targeted Measures Versus Change of Political Culture: How Can Gender Equality Best Be Achieved? 253 Barbara Holland-Cunz Index 265 B a iographies of the uthors Catherine Achin is Professor of Political Science at Paris-Dauphine PSL Research University, IRISSO (Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Social Sciences). Research areas: Gender Studies, Comparative Politics, Political Sociology. [email protected] Diana Auth is Professor of Political Science and Social Policy at the University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld, Germany. Research areas: Comparative Welfare State Research, Gender Studies, Elderly Care Research and Social Gerontology, Policy Analysis. Diana.Auth@fh- bielefeld.de, www.diana-auth.de Francesca Bettio is Professor of Economics, University of Siena; Master of Science from the London School of Economics and PhD in Economics from the University of Cambridge, UK. Main areas of expertise: Economics of Gender, Labor Economics, Population Studies. francesca.bettio@unisi. it; homepage: www.deps.unisi.it/it/dipartimento/personale/docenti/ francesca-bettio Roland Erne, PhD, Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration and Employment Relations at University College Dublin. He is the author of European Unions. Labour’s Quest for a Transnational Democracy pub- lished by Cornell University Press. [email protected], http://www. ucd.ie/research/people/business/drrolanderne/ Gesine Fuchs, Dr., is political scientist and Lecturer at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Institute of Social Management, Social Policy and Prevention. Her research areas are: Gender Politics, ix x BIOGRAPHIES OF THE AUTHORS Social Movements, and Questions of Law and Society. gesine.fuchs@hslu. ch, www.gesine-fuchs.net Cécile Guillaume, Dr. in Sociology, Senior Lecturer at the Business School at the University of Roehampton, and Reader in Employment Relations and Human Resources Management, Lille 1 University. Cecile. [email protected]  Jutta Hergenhan, Dr., Assistant Professor at the Centre for Media and Interactivity at the University of Giessen, Germany. Research areas: Gender, Politics, and Language in France, Germany, and Europe. jutta. [email protected] Barbara Holland-Cunz is Professor of Political Science with a primary focus on Gender Studies and Head of the Research Group for Gender Studies at the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen. Research areas: Political Theory, Women’s Movement(s)/Equality Policy/Political Participation, Theory of Science/Theory of Nature. [email protected] giessen.de Natalie Imboden is a political scientist and national official at the Swiss private sector trade union UNIA in charge of the retail sector. Research areas: Gender Studies, Labor Market Policy, Industrial Relations and Equal Pay. [email protected], http://www.natalieimboden.ch/ Sigrid Leitner is Professor of Social Policy at the University of Applied Sciences, Cologne. She is an expert in comparative social policy, especially in the fields of child care, elder care and pension policy. Her special focus is on gender-sensitive analyses of social policy. Moreover, she teaches social work and local social policy. [email protected] Hanne Martinek, Dr. in Political Science, is Researcher at the Department of Government/Institute for Housing and Urban Research at Uppsala University, Sweden. Research areas: Comparative Welfare State Research, Gender Studies, Research on Gender and Nationalism. hanne.martinek@ statsvet.uu.se, http://katalog.uu.se/profile/?id=N7-1099 Sophie Rouault is a freelance political scientist, specialist for comparative policy analysis in the field of social and labour market policies and is about to complete her PhD project at the Bremen University for Applied Sciences—dealing with the governance of policies for gender equality in the field of employment, in France and Germany. [email protected] BIOGRAPHIES OF THE AUTHORS xi Christine Scheidegger, Dr., urbanfish, Bern, Switzerland, is a freelancing political scientist specialized in gender studies. Research areas: Comparative Politics, Gender and Politics, Gender Inequalities, Institutions, Sexism and Switzerland. [email protected], www.christine-scheidegger.ch Dorota Szelewa, PhD, is a Lecturer in Social Justice at University College Dublin, School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice. Research areas: Gender and the Welfare State, Institutional Evolution, Political Economy, Reproductive Rights. [email protected], http://www.ucd. ie/research/people/socialpolicysocialworksocialjustice/drdorotaszelewa/