GAZETTEER OF THE MANDI STATE 1920 INDUS PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW DELHI First published in 1920 Reprinted 1996 ISBN 8 1-7387-054-3 Published by Indus Publishing Company FS-5, Tagore Garden, New Delhi 110 027 and printed at Efficient Offset Printers, Shahzada Bagh, Delhi 110 035 PREFACE. THE present edition of the Mandi Stat,e Gazetteer was corn- piled by Mr. Emerson, I.C.S., late Settlement Officer and 8uper- intendent ; my connection with the work has been confined to slight additions and alterations, bringing it right up to date, and to the correction of the proofs. The thanks of the Darbar are due to Dr. Hutchineon and Dr. Vogel for the sectiondealing with the political hi~toryo f the State, to Dr. Vogel and Pandit Hira Nand Sllastri for noteb on Archaeology, to Mr. O. O. L. Eiowell, C. S., for an account of the fisheries, and to Mr. H. L. Wright, I.F.S., for the sections on the flora, fauna and forests. Lala Sri Gopal, Sub-Divisional Offiser, furnished historical data to the authors of the political history, and in ac!dition collected material of general interest. The illus- trations are mostly the work of Mr. H. L. Wright. J. R. S. PARSONS, I.O.S., Superintendent, Mandi Sfat e. MANDI: The 18t12 Jecne 1919. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 'CHAPTER 1.-Descriptive. SECTION A,-PIIYSICALA SPECTS. Subject. ... Boundaries ... .a. 1 Rivera ib. ... e... .. The mountain eystem 2 Range of altitudes,a nd cliaracter of the. c..o untry ... 3 Scenery . .I.... 4 Climate and rainfall ..a. . .. . 5 Geology .. . 6 ... Flora ... .. . ib. Fauna la SECTION B.-AI~CHEOLOGY. ... Archseology 19 .. . Ri w blser 86. ... Trilok NAth ib. ... The Panchavaktra tcmple 18 .. . Normal style of architecture ib. ... The temple of Bhrit NQth 19 .. . The temple of Adhulri ih. The SalBnu rock inscription ... ib. .. . Art 20 SECTION C.-HIS~ORY. .. . Meaning of the name Mandi ., 21 ... Tibetan associations .. .. .. .. . .. . ib. Sources of information 22 Rnlc of Riinas and Thlikurs ... ... ... ib. . ... Common ancestry of Mandi and Snket 2 3 ... ..a ... BMiar nSdei nb ccc. o7m65es A in. dDe.p endent ... .... a. ... 2ib5. Kanchau Sen c. 1278 A. D. .. . .. . *.. 27. BK6anliB Sne nS eu c. 1304 A. D. ... .. . a.. ..... ii6b.. Hira Sen c. 1332 A. D. ... .. . .I..... .. ...- .... 28 Ajbar Sen c. 1500 A. D. ib. Potindation of present town of Mandi .. . 29 Chatar Sen c, 1534 A. D. ... I.. .. tb. .. . SBliib Sen c. 1554 A. D. .... tb. NKaereAhyanbn S Senen c .c .1 155967 5A A. D. D.. .. .... ...... ... 3ib0. The lorseta monuments .+ 3 1 ... ... Hari Sen c. 1623 A. D. ib. ... S b j S en a. 1637 A, D. .ma 32 ChA PTER I- DESCRIPTIVE-OONTINUED, Subject. ... .. . .. . Keml&hf ort 83 ... Later years of Siiraj Sen's rcign ... 34 m.... . AS~SGhisa&dvsuhidgrl m SnSeemo enS fn e,e ,nL n1t1o 6c6ho8.7 fl4 91r ka A6Ai 6.n .4 gD DdA.o. . m D .to 398clho RA....o. ... .... ............. .. .............. 3siibb6 s7.. . . . Revenue system of Mihn Juppu ... .. . . .. . ib. Murder of RBja of Bhang61 ... .. . .. . 38 Visit of Guru Gobind Pingh *.. 39 ... ... Shiv JamAla Sen ib. ... ... Shamsher sin, 1727 A. D. .. . ...... 40 Surma Sen, 1781 A. D. 43 ... ... ..a Ishwari Sen, 1788 A. D, .., ... ....a. 43 Vieit of William Moorcroft ... 45 ... Zilim Sen, 1826 A. D. ... 47 ... Balbir Sen, 1839 A. D. 48 ... ... ... Visit of Mr. Vigne ... .'b. .. . .. . Sikh expedition to Mandi 49 ... ... T~nderof allegiance to the British Oovernmcnt .. . . . 5 1 Bijai Sen, 1861 A. D. ... .. . . 53 ... Bhimiini Sen, 1903 A. D. ... *.. 57 . Commencement of Regular Settlement.. 58 ... .. . era Jogendsr Sen, 191.3 A. D. ib. 0.. Treaty between the British Government aud the State 59 Genealogical table ...... ...... a..,... .. 60 The history of institutions 6 1 ... TThhee tRlliejoac raantdic tnhaet ucraes teof styhsete smov ereignty.. . .I U. . ... i6b3. ... The oath on the Raja 6 4 ... m.. e. * ... The Riija as owner of the soil .. . ... ... ib. The beg& system .. . ... 6 5 Miscellaneous taxation 67 .me ... Popular risings .... .. ...... .. . 6 8 Revenue aesignments 69 ... Sdsan ba'ai grant ... ... ... A copper plate grant ... *.. A sdiaar grant ib* em* ARenl iigniao'mus fgorra snetr vtoic eas prheynsdiecrieadu for serv..i..c..e s rendered.. . a.*. .. i7b ?.i Service grant .. . ..... ... ib. Various kinds of grant,e ... . ... Bdai ... PdZ I.... . ...*. . ib. Jig ira ib. Indm8 and mudffs ... ... ..I.... I . 7 4 Religious assignments ib om I*o iii CHAPTI3 R' I.DESCRIPTIVE.CONTINUW, SECTIOND -POPU LATION. Subject. SECTION D.-POPULATION. ... Statistics Total population and density Urban and rural ... Types of village ... Migration Sex and marriage statistics ... Tribal distribution ... RBjputs ... Brahmans ... Khatris ... Bohras ... RBthis ... Kanet.s .*. KumbBrs ... Gujars ... LohBrs and ThBnvins ... NBis ... MirBsis ... Chuhras ... Kolis ... Other menial castes ... Caete restrictione ... Food and drink ... Dress SECTION E.-DOMESTIAOND R.E LIGIOCUUSB TOMB BELIEFB 9 4ND Birth customs .a. The hair-cutting cereinony. .. The sacred thread ... Marriage ceremonies ... Widow remarriage ... Polyandry Relations between the sexes ... Death ceremonies ... The pret p61t6 ... Ghostly visitations ... Memorial tablet8 ... 8ati heaps ... Acte of merit W itohcraft 8.m Magic *.... . Religion Ortbodor Hinduism qv t CHAPTER I-DESC&IPTIVE--~OHCLUD~. SECTIOEN- DOMEBTIC AND RGLIQ~OUCSII STOMABN D BELIEPB- conclcl. Subject. ... Particular ceremonies ... 11% ..a Religion of the lower hille ... 113 ... The cult of Gaga ... ... 114 Nar Singh and Kailu 117 ... The Siddhs 118 ,a, The religion of the upper hille 119 a , General ..... e.m.*. ib. Nature of the family gods ieo ... ... The symbol of the god ... ... lei lee Divination ... ... lee Festivals CHAPTER 11.-Economic. SECTION A.-A~RICULTURE. . ... General agricultural conditions ... ... 184 Physical conditions ..-. .. ... ... C3. Local terms 136 ... ... Irrigation ... .. , .m.m.a 137 Crops and rotations ib. ... . .. ... Rice ... 139 ... ... Maize ... .. 140 Bodra ...... ... I.... . *. .. r'b a Saridra ... ... ... ib. China, kangni, and buck-w..h. eat ... 141 Mdsh and ku2tA ... ... *** ..* ib. ... Potatoes ... ib. ... ... Kachdk and gsrdiia'li ib. ... ... ... Fruits and vegetables ib. ... ... ... Wheat ib. ... ... ... Barley 14% ... ... ... Gram ... ... ib. Oileeeds ... ... ... t b. Tobacco ... ... ib. Opium ... ... 143 ... ... Tea ... ... ... ib. Yields 145 ... Production and coneumption of food-grains ... 146 Indcbtednese of the agncultnr:~lp opulation ib. SECTION B,-LIvEBTo~K. ... Livestock generally ... Grase lande and waete Omzing feee evq Subject. - SECTION C. FORESTS. ... ... ... History ... ....a. ... 151 The Forest Settlement, 191 7 ... ... ... 162 The foreete and the people ... ... ... 153 The forest growth ... .. ... 0.... . ib. DeodBr ... ib. ... Blue-piqe ... ...... .*.. .0 ... 164 Spruce and fir i6. ... ... CA it ... ib. Condition of the forests ... .\ . ...C .. ).. ib. I.. *.. Injuries to which the forests are liable ... ib. ... Utilisation of the produce ... a.*.. . ... 165 Administratior1 ....,. .. ... ... ib. Revenue ... .... ... ... 166 Working Plan ib. ... ... ... Grazing fees ib. *a* SECTION D.-MINES MINERALS. AND . Minerals ... 157 Iron ... ib. Slate quarries 168 ... Salt ib. SECTION E.-MANUFACTUBANEDS I NDUSTRIES. ... ... ... Metal industries ... ... 166 Carpenters and bamboo workers ... ... ib. Weaving ... ... ... 166 Honey ,.. ... ib. ... Miscellaneous ... .. ,... ... 167 Trade and markets ... ... ib. Taxes and duty ... ... 168 General economic condition of the people ... ib. ... ... Measures and weights 169 SECTION F.-COMYUNIOATIONB- ... ... ... . 171 Communications ... ... ... . Projected Kulu cart-road ib $.. ... Description of main routes-.M.. andi-P8lar.n..p nr road ... ... ib. Routes into Kulu ... ... 172 Stagee from PBlampnr to Mandi ... ... ...... ib. Stages from Phlampur to Kuln 173 ... blandi-HoshiBrpur road .,.... ... ..a.. . zb. Stages from Mandi to Hos.h..i irpur ... ...... ... 174 Rontee to Simla ... ... ... ib. *.. I76 Mandi-Rupar route ... ... ... . State staging rules 176 ... ... ... Post and Telegraph Offices ib. SECTION (3.- -FAMINE-