Gauge Interactions Theory and Experiment THE SUBNUCLEAR SERIES Series Editor: ANTONINO ZICHICHI, European Physical Society, Geneva, Switzerland 1. 1963 STRONG, ELECTROMAGNETIC, AND WEAK INTERACTIONS 2. 1964 SYMMETRIES IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS 3. 1965 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PARTICLE SYMMETRIES 4. 1966 STRONG AND WEAK INTERACTIONS 5. 1967 HADRONS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS 6. 1968 THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS 7. 1969 SUBNUCLEAR PHENOMENA 8. 1970 ELEMENTARY PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY 9. 1971 PROPERT IES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 0. 1972 HIGHLIGHTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS 1. 1973 LAWS OF HADRONIC MATTER 2. 1974 LEPTON AND HADRON STRUCTURE 3. 1975 NEW PHENOMENA IN SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 4. 1976 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER 5. 1977 THE WHYS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 6. 1978 THE NEW ASPECTS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 7. 1979 POINTLIKE STRUCTURES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE HADRONS 8. 1980 THE HIGH-ENERGY LIMIT 9. 1981 THE UNITY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 0. 1982 GAUGE INTERACTIONS: Theory and Experiment Volume 1 was published by W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York; 2-8 and 11-12 by Academic Press, New York and London; 9-10 by Editrice Compositori, Bologna; 13-20 by Plenum Press, New York and London. Gauge Interactions Theory and Experiment Edited by Antonino Zichichi European Physical Society Geneva, Switzerland SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International School of Subnuclear Physics (20th: 19fl2: Erice, Sicily) Gauge interactions. (The Subnuclear series; v. 20) "Proceedings of the 20th course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics ... held August 3-14, 1982, in Erice, Sicily, Italy"-T.p. verso. Bibliography: p. Incudes index. 1. Gauge fields (Physics)-Congresses. 2. Nuclear reactions-Congresses. 3. Hadrons-Scattering-Congresses. 4.Yang, Chen Ning, 1922- I. Zichichi, Antonino. II. Title. III. Series. QC793.3.F5I58 1982 530.1'43 84-13290 ISBN 978-1-4757-0751-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-0749-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0749-6 Proceedings of the 20th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics on Gauge Interactions: Theory and Experiment, held August 3-14, 1982, in Erice, Sicily, Italy © 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1984 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE In August 1982 a group of 104 physicists from 70 laboratories of 31 countries met in Erice to attend the 20th Course of the Inter national School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented at the School were: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Czechoslovakia, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Yugoslavia, and Zimbabwe. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Techno- logical Research (MRSI), the Sicilian Regional Government, and the Weizmann Institute of Science. This year, on the occasion of the 60th birthday of Chen Ning Yang, the "Ettore Majorana" Centre decided to pay tribute to the outstanding scientific achievements of one of the most prominent scientists of our time, by dedicating the 20th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics to a review of the pre sent status of one of the fields of physics where Chen Ning Yang has contributed most profoundly: gauge interactions. The theo retical foundations and the most recent developments were presented by Chen Ning Yang. The most general consequences of a gauge inter action -- supersymmetry -- with its theoretical aspects and the experimental implications were discussed by Sergio Ferrara and Demetrios Nanopoulos. It is at present believed that, in the des cription of nature, all gauge forces must suffer spontaneous sym metry breaking. The basic particles in the game are the so-called Higgs particles. An attempt to derive Higgs particles from gauge fields was given by Hagen Kleinert. A special case of a gauge theory is Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). One of the most direct predictions of QCD is the existence of glueballs. Sam Lindenbaum has reported two examples of such v "new" hadronic states recently discovered at Brookhaven. The suc cesses and difficulties of QCD in describing the basic interactions among quarks and gluons in the field of purely hadronic phenomena were discussed by Peter Landshoff. Roberto Odorico dealt with an application of QCD to the case of "heavy flavour" production in strong interactions. A review of the experimental results on heavy flavour produc tion in hadronic processes was presented by Francis Muller. The comparison of QCD with hadron production in (e+e-) interactions was given by James Branson, whilst Franz Eisele reviewed how the experi mental results on deep inelastic phenomena compare with this gauge theory of the strongest forces of nature. The most successful example of the unification of gauge forces is the electroweak case, whose predictions can be tested in many reactions and, in particular, in the (e+e-) annihilations. The "standard" version of the electroweak model was confronted with ex perimental data by James Branson and Peter Duinker, in the study of (e+e-) final states. Theoretical alternatives to the "standard" electroweak model were discussed by John Sakurai. One of the most spectacular results of subnuclear physics has been the discovery of the heavy lepton by Martin Perl at SLAC. The heavy leptons remain in the forefront for understanding the basic symmetry structure of quarks and leptons. The review of the experi mental status in this fascinating field of physics was given by Peter Duinker. Photon scattering at very high energies and photon-photon interactions were described in lectures by Clemens Heusch and Christoph Berger. Berger discussed the "structure" of the photon in terms of QCD predictions. I myself presented a study of the multiparticle hadronic sys tems produced in high-energy soft (pp) interactions, based on a new method (i.e. the subtraction of leading particle effects) which allows us to discover universality features in (p~) interactions,in the multiparticle hadronic systems produced in (e e-) annihilations, and in deep-inelastic phenomena. The new results from the CERN (pp) ISR and collider data were confronted by Andre Martin with the exact results of his newly dis covered theorems. In the field of future experimental facilities for European physics, Gunther Wolf discussed the LEP experimental programme and proposals. vi The Closing Lecture on "The requirements of a basic physical theory" was given by Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. I hope the reader will enjoy the book as much as the students enjoyed the School -- and the most attractive part of it, the Discussion Sessions. Thanks to the Scientific Secretaries, these Discussions have been reproduced as closely as possible to the real event. During the various stages of my work I have enjoyed the colla boration of many friends in Erice and Geneva; their contributions are highly appreciated. Antonino Zichichi Geneva, 1982 vii CHEN NING YANG CONTENTS OPENING LECTURE Gauge Fields. l C.N. Yang THEORETICAL LECTURES Gauge Fields (Lecture 2) ......... . 19 C.N. Yang Gauge Fields (Lecture 3) •...... , . . . . . . . . . . . 39 C.N. Yang Supersymmetry and Unification of Particle Interactions. . . . 65 S. Ferrara Physical Consequences of Global and Local Super symmetry. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 D.V. Nanopoulos Testing QCD in Hadronic Processes • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 P.V. Landshoff QCD Predictions for Heavy Flavour Production. . . . . . . . . 197 R. Odorico Exact Results for pp and pp Diffraction Scattering at High Energies 245 A. Martin SEMINARS ON SPECIALIZED TOPICS Photon Scattering at Very High Energies -- OR: How Does the Photon Evolve? . . . . 265 C.A. Reusch ix