Gathering Time Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland Volume 1 Alasdair Whittle, Frances Healy and Alex Bayliss With contributions by Michael J. Allen, Tim Allen, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Lydia Cagney, Gabriel Cooney, Ed Danaher, Timothy Darvill, Philip Dixon, Peter Dorling, Mark Edmonds, Christopher Evans, Steve Ford, Charles French, Mark Germany, Seren Griffi ths, Derek Hamilton, Julie Hamilton, Robert Hedges, Gill Hey, Tom Higham, Andy M. Jones, Thomas Kador, Richard Lewis, Jim Mallory, Gerry McCormac, John Meadows, Roger Mercer, Muiris O’Sullivan, Francis Pryor, Mick Rawlings, Keith Ray, Reay Robertson-Mackay, Grant Shand, Niall Sharples, Jessica Smyth, Simon Stevens, Nicholas Thomas, Malcolm Todd, Johannes van der Plicht, Geoffrey Wainwright and Michael Wysocki Principal illustrator Ian Dennis OXBOW BOOKS Oxford and Oakville Published by Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK © Oxbow Books and the individual authors, 2011 ISBN 978-1-84217-425-8 Cover design by Ian Dennis This book is available direct from: Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK (Phone: 01865-241249; Fax: 01865-794449) and The David Brown Book Company PO Box 511, Oakville, CT 06779, USA (Phone: 860-945-9329; Fax: 860-945-9468) or from our website www.oxbowbooks.com A CIP record of this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whittle, Alasdair. Gathering time : dating the early Neolithic enclosures of southern Britain and Ireland / Alasdair Whittle, Frances Healy and Alex Bayliss ; with contributions by Michael J. Allen... [et.al.]. v.1-2. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84217-425-8 (vols 1 & 2) 1. Neolithic period--Great Britain. 2. Neolithic period--Ireland. 3. Dwellings, Prehistoric--Great Britain. 4. Dwellings, Prehistoric--Ireland. 5. Roads, Prehistoric--Great Britain. 6. Roads, Prehistoric--Ireland. 7. Archaeological dating--Great Britain. 8. Archaeological dating--Ireland. 9. Great Britain--Antiquities. 10. Ireland-- Antiquities. I. Healy, Frances. II. Bayliss, Alex. III. Allen, Michael J. IV. Title. GN776.22.G7W444 2011 936.1--dc22 2011012525 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Short Run Press, Exeter Contents VOLUME I Authors’ note....................................................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................................................viii The archive.........................................................................................................................................................................x Summary...........................................................................................................................................................................xi Résumé............................................................................................................................................................................xiv Zusammenfassung.........................................................................................................................................................xviii Abbreviated list of figures..............................................................................................................................................xxii Abbreviated list of tables............................................................................................................................................xxxiv Contributors................................................................................................................................................................xxxvi 1 Gathering time: causewayed enclosures and the early Neolithic of southern Britain and of Ireland Alasdair Whittle, Frances Healy and Alex Bayliss...........................................................................................................1 1.1. Prehistorians.and.chronological.resolution............................................................................................................1 1.2. The.early.Neolithic.in.southern.Britain.and.Ireland:.a.note.for.the.general.reader.on.the. . . wider.context..........................................................................................................................................................4 1.3. Causewayed.enclosures.in.southern.Britain.and.in.Ireland...................................................................................5 1.4. The.enclosures.dating.project...............................................................................................................................12 1.5. Beyond.the.enclosures..........................................................................................................................................13 1.6. This.volume..........................................................................................................................................................16 2 Towards generational time-scales: the quantitative interpretation of archaeological chronologies Alex Bayliss, Johannes van der Plicht, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Gerry McCormac, Frances Healy and Alasdair Whittle...............................................................................................................................17 2.1. The.radiocarbon.dates..........................................................................................................................................17 2.2.. Scatter.matters......................................................................................................................................................18 2.3.. The.Bayesian.approach........................................................................................................................................19 2.4.. An.introduction.to.Bayesian.chronological.modelling........................................................................................21 . . 2.4.1. ‘Uninformative’.prior.beliefs...................................................................................................................21 . . 2.4.2. ‘Informative’.prior.beliefs........................................................................................................................27 . . 2.4.3.. Standardised.likelihoods..........................................................................................................................28 . . 2.4.4.. Calculating.posterior.density.estimates...................................................................................................34 2.5.. The.Bayesian.process...........................................................................................................................................35 . . 2.5.1.. Groundworks...........................................................................................................................................35 . . 2.5.2.. Identifying.suitable.samples....................................................................................................................38 . . 2.5.3.. From.samples.to.sampling.......................................................................................................................42 . . 2.5.4.. Reporting.the.models...............................................................................................................................42 2.6.. Laboratory.methods..............................................................................................................................................43 . . 2.6.1.. Methods.used.for.dating.the.samples.submitted.during.this.project.......................................................44 . . 2.6.2.. Methods.used.for.dating.other.samples.considered.in.this.study...........................................................44 2.7.. Accuracy...............................................................................................................................................................45 . . 2.7.1.. Replicate.measurements..........................................................................................................................45 . . 2.7.2.. Archaeological.prior.information............................................................................................................56 2.8.. Further.mathematics.............................................................................................................................................58 2.9.. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................59 iv Contents 3 The North Wiltshire Downs Alasdair Whittle, Alex Bayliss and Frances Healy.........................................................................................................60 3.1.. Windmill.Hill........................................................................................................................................................61 3.2.. Knap.Hill..............................................................................................................................................................97 3.3.. Rybury................................................................................................................................................................102 3.4.. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................102 4 South Wessex Frances Healy, Alex Bayliss, Alasdair Whittle, Michael J. Allen, Roger Mercer, Mick Rawlings, Niall Sharples and Nicholas Thomas.............................................................................................................................111 4.1.. Hambledon.Hill...................................................................................................................................................111 4.2.. Whitesheet.Hill...................................................................................................................................................157 4.3.. Maiden.Castle.....................................................................................................................................................164 4.4.. Robin.Hood’s.Ball..............................................................................................................................................194 4.5. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................202 5 Sussex Frances Healy, Alex Bayliss and Alasdair Whittle........................................................................................................207 5.1.. Whitehawk.Camp...............................................................................................................................................208 5.2.. Offham.Hill........................................................................................................................................................226 5.3.. Combe.Hill.........................................................................................................................................................231 5.4.. The.Trundle........................................................................................................................................................232 5.5.. Bury.Hill.............................................................................................................................................................239 5.6.. Court.Hill............................................................................................................................................................242 5.7.. Barkhale.............................................................................................................................................................248 5.8.. Halnaker.Hill......................................................................................................................................................249 5.9.. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................250 6 Eastern England Frances Healy, Alex Bayliss, Alasdair Whittle, Francis Pryor, Charles French, Michael J. Allen, Christopher Evans, Mark Edmonds, John Meadows and Gill Hey..............................................................................263 6.1.. The.Chilterns......................................................................................................................................................265 . . 6.1.1.. Maiden.Bower.......................................................................................................................................265 . . 6.1.2.. Implications.for.the.Chilterns................................................................................................................269 6.2.. The.Great.Ouse.catchment.................................................................................................................................270 . . 6.2.1.. Great.Wilbraham....................................................................................................................................270 . . 6.2.2.. Haddenham............................................................................................................................................271 . . 6.2.3.. Implications.for.The.Great.Ouse.catchment..........................................................................................278 6.3.. The.Nene.valley.................................................................................................................................................293 . . 6.3.1.. Briar.Hill................................................................................................................................................293 . . 6.3.2.. Implications.for.the.Nene.valley...........................................................................................................300 6.4.. The.Lower.Welland.valley.................................................................................................................................314 . . 6.4.1.. Etton,.Etton.Woodgate.and.Northborough............................................................................................314 . . 6.4.2.. Etton.......................................................................................................................................................322 . . 6.4.3.. Etton.Woodgate......................................................................................................................................327 . . 6.4.4.. Northborough.........................................................................................................................................327 . . 6.4.5.. Implications.for.the.Lower.Welland.valley...........................................................................................329 6.5.. East.of.the.Fens..................................................................................................................................................332 6.6.. Eastern.England.as.a.whole...............................................................................................................................338 Contents v 7 The Greater Thames estuary Alex Bayliss, Michael J. Allen, Frances Healy, Alasdair Whittle, Mark Germany, Seren Griffiths, Derek Hamilton, Tom Higham, John Meadows, Grant Shand, Simon Stevens and Michael Wysocki.........................348 7.1.. Lodge.Farm,.St.Osyth........................................................................................................................................350 7.2... Orsett..................................................................................................................................................................355 7.3.. The.Essex.side.of.the.Thames.estuary...............................................................................................................361 7.4.. Kingsborough.1.and.2........................................................................................................................................364 7.5.. Chalk.Hill...........................................................................................................................................................371 7.6.. The.Kent.side.of.the.Thames.estuary.................................................................................................................376 7.7.. The.Thames.estuary.and.beyond........................................................................................................................383 8 The Thames valley Frances Healy, Alasdair Whittle, Alex Bayliss, Gill Hey, Reay Robertson-Mackay, Tim Allen and Steve Ford ..............................................................................................................................................................387 8.1.. Yeoveney.Lodge.Farm,.Staines..........................................................................................................................388 8.2.. Eton.Wick...........................................................................................................................................................393 8.3.. Implications.for.the.middle.Thames..................................................................................................................395 8.4.. Gatehampton.Farm,.Goring................................................................................................................................404 8.5.. Abingdon............................................................................................................................................................407 8.6.. Implications.for.the.upper.Thames....................................................................................................................421 8.7.. The.wider.region................................................................................................................................................431 9 The Cotswolds Philip Dixon, Alex Bayliss, Frances Healy, Alasdair Whittle and Timothy Darvill.....................................................434 9.1.. Crickley.Hill.......................................................................................................................................................435 9.2.. Peak.Camp..........................................................................................................................................................454 9.3.. Implications.for.the.escarpment.........................................................................................................................457 9.4.. Implications.for.the.region.................................................................................................................................465 10 The south-west peninsula. Alasdair Whittle, Alex Bayliss, Frances Healy, Roger Mercer, Andy M. Jones and Malcolm Todd............................476 10.1.. Membury............................................................................................................................................................478 10.2.. Hembury.............................................................................................................................................................478 10.3.. Raddon.Hill........................................................................................................................................................493 10.4.. Helman.Tor.........................................................................................................................................................497 10.5.. Carn.Brea............................................................................................................................................................504 10.6.. The.south-west.peninsula...................................................................................................................................509 VOLUME II 11 The Marches, south Wales and the Isle of Man Alex Bayliss, Alasdair Whittle, Frances Healy, Keith Ray, Peter Dorling, Richard Lewis, Timothy Darvill, Geoffrey Wainwright and Michael Wysocki.......................................................................................521 11.1.. Hill.Croft.Field...................................................................................................................................................521 11.2.. Beech.Court.Farm,.Ewenny...............................................................................................................................524 11.3. Banc.Du..............................................................................................................................................................526 11.4.. The.Marches.and.South.Wales:.discussion........................................................................................................527 11.5.. Billown...............................................................................................................................................................553 vi Contents 12 Ireland Gabriel Cooney, Alex Bayliss, Frances Healy, Alasdair Whittle, Ed Danaher, Lydia Cagney, Jim Mallory, Jessica Smyth, Thomas Kador and Muiris O’Sullivan............................................................................562 12.1.. Donegore.Hill.....................................................................................................................................................564 12.2.. Magheraboy........................................................................................................................................................574 12.3.. Donegore.and.Magheraboy.in.context:.the.early.Neolithic.and.the.start.of.the.middle.Neolithic. . . in.Ireland............................................................................................................................................................585 12.4.. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................657 13 Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values of animals and humans from causewayed enclosures Julie Hamilton and Robert E.M. Hedges......................................................................................................................670 13.1.. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................670 13.2.. Aims...................................................................................................................................................................671 13.3.. Sampling.strategy...............................................................................................................................................671 13.4.. Methods..............................................................................................................................................................671 13.5.. Results................................................................................................................................................................672 13.6.. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................677 13.7.. Conclusions........................................................................................................................................................681 14 Neolithic narratives: British and Irish enclosures in their timescapes Alex Bayliss, Frances Healy, Alasdair Whittle and Gabriel Cooney............................................................................682 14.1.. Weaving.narrative.threads..................................................................................................................................682 14.2.. Chronologies.for.enclosures.in.southern.Britain...............................................................................................683 14.3.. Enclosures.and.other.monuments.in.southern.Britain.......................................................................................719 14.4.. Enclosures.and.the.start.of.Neolithic.activity.in.southern.Britain.....................................................................727 14.5.. Patterns.and.development.of.early.Neolithic.material.culture.in.southern.Britain...........................................755 14.6.. The.southern.British.early.Neolithic:.an.historical.narrative.............................................................................801 14.7.. The.early.Neolithic.of.Ireland,.the.Isle.of.Man.and.Scotland:.a.comparative.framework................................804 14.8.. Wider.histories:.the.development.of.the.early.Neolithic.in.Britain.and.Ireland...............................................833 14.9.. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................................846 15 Gathering time: the social dynamics of change Alasdair Whittle, Alex Bayliss and Frances Healy.......................................................................................................848 15.1.. Temporality.and.the.dynamics.of.social.change................................................................................................848 15.2.. Beginnings..........................................................................................................................................................848 15.3.. Land.and.living:.faultlines.and.patterns.............................................................................................................866 15.4.. Building.the.world:.monument.sequences.........................................................................................................871 15.5.. Artefacts.............................................................................................................................................................875 15.6 Enclosures: the significance of a history............................................................................................................878 15.7.. Enclosures.in.the.making:.places.of.innovation................................................................................................885 15.8.. Things.that.mattered:.the.generation.of.worldviews.........................................................................................891 15.9.. The.hey-day.of.causewayed.enclosures:.a.brief.history....................................................................................897 15.10..Early.Neolithic.politics:.ritual.experts.and.organisers?.....................................................................................898 15.11..Elsewhere...........................................................................................................................................................905 15.12..Later.histories:.the.pace.and.character.of.change..............................................................................................907 15.13..Kinds.of.time.and.history...................................................................................................................................909 Appendix: Some unanswered research questions for southern British enclosures Frances Healy, Alasdair Whittle and Alex Bayliss........................................................................................................915 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................................920 Index..............................................................................................................................................................................980 Authors’ note This book is about the dating of the early Neolithic Chapters 3–11 each deal with the enclosures of a causewayed enclosures of southern Britain and southern British region and place them in the context Ireland. Currently it is also, by far, the largest of the regional evidence for other early Neolithic application of the Bayesian approach to modelling activity. Chapter 12 similarly covers Ireland, but on archaeological chronologies undertaken anywhere in an island-wide basis. These regional chapters can be the world. As such, we hope that this study will be of digested piecemeal, but we strongly urge all readers wider interest, not only for specialists in the European to engage with at least one of them (3, 7, or 10 may Neolithic, but for archaeologists everywhere so far be the most digestible) before attempting to grapple lacking precise dating. The effort of this project could with the more synthetic discussions contained in have been directed, after all, at any number of other Chapters 12 and 14. kinds of site, period or area. These chapters weave narratives out of the chrono- Different readers may wish to trace different paths logical threads spun from the models constructed in through this volume. Chapter 1 provides an overview the course of the regional discussions. They therefore of the questions which the project aims to address, and contain many complex models, which often build on sets the scene for those readers who are not devoted the foundations laid in the site-based and regional to the early Neolithic of Britain and Ireland. Bayesian models and represent a second level of interpretation. virgins – a term which currently includes the vast The implications of these narratives, both for our majority of archaeologists inhabiting planet earth! – understanding of the early Neolithic of southern should read Chapter 2, which provides an introduction Britain and Ireland, and the ways in which we can now to the methods employed in the following chapters. practise prehistory, are discussed in Chapter 15. Acknowledgements The project owes its execution and completion to its co- samples from excavations still under analysis, illustrations funders, the Arts and Humanities Research Council and and their own valuable time. Numerous other colleagues English Heritage. We are wholeheartedly grateful to them generously gave support, information and advice, among for the opportunity to undertake the work reported here. them Luke Barber, Sussex Archaeological Society (formerly English Heritage also monitored the project’s progress, of Archaeology South-East); Martyn Barber, English providing a store of support and advice. Here we owe Heritage; Alistair Barclay, Wessex Archaeology; Martin a particular debt to Jonathan Last, Head of Research Bell, University of Reading; Robin Bendrey, University of Policy for Prehistory and to Andrew David, Head of Winchester; Anna Brindley, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Archaeological Science and Archaeological Archives, as Steve Burrow, National Museum, Cardiff; Peter Drewett, well as to Barney Sloane and Chris Scull. Grateful thanks University of Sussex; Toby Driver, Royal Commission are also due to John Meadows, Derek Hamilton, Henrietta on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales; Tim Granlund Marsden, Isabelle Parsons and Kate Cullen of Gent, Exeter Archaeology; Frances Griffi th, Devon County the Scientifi c Dating Section. The Arts and Humanities Council; Detlef Gronenborn, Römisch-Germanisches Zentral- Research Council also supported the Thames Valley project museum, Mainz; Chris Hayden, Oxford Archaeology; (see Chapter 13). Neil Holbrook, Cotswold Archaeological Trust; Mike Radiocarbon dates were the cornerstone of the project. Ilett, University of Paris; Lars Larsson, Lund University; The AMS dates obtained in the course of the project were Ken Murphy, Cambria Archaeology; Poul Otto Nielsen, measured by the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, led National Museum, Copenhagen; Jacqueline Nowakowski, by Christopher Bronk Ramsey, and by the Centrum voor Cornwall County Council; Joshua Pollard, University of IsotopenOnderzoek, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, led by Southampton; Miles Russell, Bournemouth University; Jean- Johannes van der Plicht. A smaller number of high precision Luc Schwenninger, Oxford University Research Laboratory measurements were made by the Queen’s University, Belfast for Archaeology and the History of Art; Alison Sheridan, Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, led by Gerry McCormac. National Museum of Scotland; Martin Smith, University All three laboratories were immensely professional and of Birmingham; Julian Thomas, University of Manchester; helpful, consistently delivering results on time so that work Martin Tingle; and Lesley Zienkiewicz. Wessex Archaeology could proceed, answering numerous questions and making shared information about the excavation of the Kingsborough extra measurements to resolve specifi c problems. and Northborough enclosures prior to publication, and we Equally essential was access to collections and per- thank Tony Lynch for permission to quote unpublished mission to sample them. We owe an immense debt to isotopic data. Museum curators, among them: Janet Ambers, Gillian Any volume which seeks to synthesise a large corpus of Varndell and Pam Young of the British Museum; Tom existing radiocarbon dates, many of which were measured Cadbury of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum and many years ago, throws up innumerable queries. All the Art Gallery, Exeter; Jonathan Catton of Thurrock Local radiocarbon dating laboratories we approached for further History Museum; Rosamund Cleal of the Alexander information in this regard were unfailing helpful, and we Keiller Museum, Avebury; Ian Friel of Chichester District thank for providing such details: Janet Ambers, British Museum; Jill Greenaway of Reading Museum Service; Museum; Gordon Cook, SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Paul Hyman of Wardown Park Museum, Luton; Richard Laboratory; Henny Deenen, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Le Saux of Brighton Museum and Art Gallery; Arthur The Netherlands; Darden Hood, Beta Analytic Inc., USA; MacGregor and Alison Roberts of the Ashmolean Museum, Stephen Hoper and Michelle Thompson, Belfast Radiocarbon Oxford; Jane Marley of the Royal Cornwall Museum, Laboratory; John Matthews, University of Swansea; Marie- Truro; Emma O’Connor of Barbican House Museum, Josée Nadeau, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Lewes; Oxfordshire Museum Services; Paul Robinson of Germany; Ingrid Olsson, University of Stockholm; Anna the Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Devizes; Sara Rodger of Pazdur, Silesian University of Technology, Poland; Fiona the Arundel Castle archives; Richard Sabin of the Natural Petchey, Waikato Radiocarbon Laboratory, New Zealand; History Museum; Peter Saunders of the Salisbury and South and Michael Sim, Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, New Wiltshire Museum; the staff of the Towner Art Gallery and Zealand. Local History Museum, Eastbourne; and Peter Woodward In Cardiff University, Ian Dennis succeeded in the of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester. daunting task of creating many of the illustrations and of The volume could not have been written without the preparing the heterogeneous and often intractable remainder co-authors of individual chapters, who provided a fund for publication. Kirsty Harding helped to push things over of specialised knowledge and advice, access to potential the line. Dani Hofmann, Emily Stewart and Sue Virgo did Acknowledgements ix heroic things with the referencing and bibliography, Steve reproduced as Fig. 1.5, and Canterbury Archaeological Trust Mills provided patient help and support with the use of that for Fig. 2.22. Amanda Grieve took the photographs GIS, and we are very grateful to Aled Cooke, Sue Virgo which form the basis of Figs 2.21 and 2.23–5. We also and Annie Brown for further technical and administrative warmly thank the following for their help with fi gures help. James Osborne of Advanced Research Computing at for the fi nal chapter: Jean-Denis Vigne, Serge Cassen, Cardiff provided invaluable help with access to the Condor Bart Vanmontfort, Alison Sheridan, Jessica Smyth, Fintan facility for high-volume computing. Walsh, David Field, Alan Saville, Johannes Müller, Jérôme We would like to thank our anonymous referee, Richard Dubouloz, Detlef Gronenborn, Ute Seidel, Joachim Wahl, Bradley, Barry Cunliffe, Vin Davis, Jérôme Dubouloz, Brian Hayden, Hilary Murray and Vicki Cummings. Jonathan Last, Johannes Müller, Joshua Pollard, Alison On a fi nal personal note, Alex would like to thank Lynne Sheridan, Jane Sidell and Graeme Warren, all of whom Keys for putting up with her being in Cardiff for so much of read and provided insightful comments on some or all of the past decade, and Alasdair would like to thank Anna and the proto-text. Rog Palmer kindly provided the photographs Andrew Maxwell for unstinting hospitality in London.