14 Castles & Crusades ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors: Gary Gygax Titles & Cover Design: Mac Golden, Andy Hopp Cover Artist: Matt Milberger Production: Troll Lord Games Artists: Brian Schwartz, Andy Editors: Nita Lewis, Mac Golden & Mark Sandy Hopp, Stephen Sheppard, Jason Cartography: M.A.T.T. Walton Special thanks are due to John R. Troy. John has corresponded with me for about a decade now, in the course of which exchange he has provided much useful commentary and criticism for many works in which I have had a hand. Herein John has been kind enough to supply a good many sidebars, mainly dealing with D20 subjects, but also the generic “Exotic Punishments” and other ones. The author wishes to specifically thank Jon Creffield for his assistance in furnishing historical information regarding canals, canal boats, carriages, coaches, and travel via such means. Thanks also to Alan Kellogg and James Mishler for similar help given when preparing the manuscript for this book. I also wish to give a tip of the hat to my Wife, Gail Carpenter Gygax, who, beginning some years back, encouraged me to write this work because of the valuable tool it would provide to others developing fantasy worlds. At last I am happy to say to her, here it is. Small portions of this work in slightly different format have appeared previously in Lejends Magazine and on various websites for role-playing games. Troll Lord Games On on the web at PO Box 251171 www.trolllord.com Little Rock AR, Silver, Gold and Money in a Fantasy World and d20 and the Gygaxian Fantasy World Series Coins, or any other varying types of mediums of exchange, have been a part of the human experience for many thou- sands of years. Generally fashioned from small chips of various metals, shells, valuable stones, ceramic beads and even spices, coins and their counterparts took on a wide variety of shapes and sizes, not to mention weight. Earlier societies made coins from gold, silver, copper, bronze and other metals which they deemed valuable. The value of a particular coin and its metal varied wildly from region to region. As history progressed two types of coins rose to dominance, bronze in China and silver in Greece and Rome.* The overwhelming power and influence of these three societies in their regions left an imprint on the the adjacent regions. These metals were chosen for a wide variety of reasons far too numerous to mention, but frequently had as their basis some type of common me- dium of exchange. In Greece, for example, the Ox served as the universally prized commodity upon which the money system was based. Suffice to say, values ranged Table i from area to area. Values of Metals per Ounce What then to do about money. Anyone creating or dealing with a fantasy world is met with the question of how to establish a money market system. Is one to use coins or some of other medium of exchange? What are coins? What metals are used in Metal Value their making? How is value set? These are questions which, if realistically dealt Platinum 50gp with, are almost impossible to answer unless you concentrate on one society, one Gold 25gp culture, one people and one time. It is doubtful if the Greek stater (silver or gold) Electrum 135sp would have meant as much to the Chinese merchant as to an Anatolian one. What Silver 5sp then to do? Nickel 1sp Nickel-silver 25cp Mr. Gygax chose the simplest approach. By following the modern standard of the Copper 5cp dollar, he established a clear value in dollar signs of any given metal. Gold for Bronze 4-5cp instance is worth $500. Silver, a less precious item, is worth $10 and bronze is just Adamantine 250gp under $1. His values are based roughly on those that dominated the Renaissance Mithril 150gp when gold began to establish itself as the common metal, and are set at a 1-10-500 Oracalcum 500gp standard. Tilferium 100gp Xagium 200gp As concerns the d20 game, there is no correct equation of the standard set by Mr. Gygax. This is largely due to the established rate of exchange in d20 where a gold coin is 10 times more valuable than a silver one.† Seemingly, gold in d20 is underval- ued immensely or more plentiful than historically available on earth. However, the Core rule books fail to state how much of a specific metal is in any given coin, only Table ii that each coin weighs a third of an ounce. In order to follow the clear and logical Values of Metals per guidelines set down in the text we have developed a value of metals chart specifically Ounce for the d20 game below. Furthermore, the equations listed below allow for greater Lejendary Adven- cohesion between Mr. Gygax’s text and the d20 system. They are developed off of a tures silver standard: $1 is roughly equivalent to 5 copper coins Metal Value $10 is roughly equivalent to 5 silver coins Platinum $1000 $500 is roughly equivalent to 25 gold coins Gold $500 Electrum $275 This assumes that one silver coin possesses .5 ounces of silver in it, and that one gold Silver $10 coin possesses .04 ounces of gold in it. It can be assumed that gold coins are smaller Nickel $1.88 than silver coins, or are simply coated in gold. Nickel-silver $5 Copper $1 * These notes reference the Sung Dynasty and it is recognized that the Chinese also Bronze $1 produced iron coins. Greece used gold and electrum, and Rome bronze as well. Adamantine $4,500 Mithril $3,000 † As I write this, gold’s value is $240 per ounce and silver’s is $4 per ounce. Oracalcum $10,000 Tilferium $2,500 The Troll Lords Xagium $5,000 Stephen Chenault Table of Contents Foundations 5 The Lower Class 62 Introduction 5 The Underground 65 Non-Human Persons in the Fantasy World 7 The Underclass 65 Assimilation 8 Criminal Underclass 65 Banking 8 The Civilized World 72 Civilized Communities 72 Definitions 72 Book One: The Physical Landscape Configuring Communities 72 Urban Landscape 10 Features of all Hamlets 76 Architecture, Civilian 10 Information Media 76 Architecture, Military 10 Entertainment 76 Bridges 12 Drinking and Smoking 76 Tunnels 13 Visitors 77 Roads 13 Manorial Village 78 Land Transport 13 Manorial Villages and Dwellings 78 Travel 13 Towns and Cities 79 Travel by Commercial Wagon 14 Underground Places 85 City Travel 16 Societies 85 Travel by Coach or Carriage 16 The Error of “Peace-Knot” Use 85 Private Carriages or Coaches 17 Courts of Law 86 Travel by Horseback or Mount 20 Local Jurisdictions and Foreigners Travel by Foot 21 under the Law 86 Water Transport 21 Clerical Courts 87 Waterways 21 Exotic Punishments 87 Canals 21 The Incarceration of Arcane and Types of Canals 23 Divine Spellcasters 88 Travel on Canals, Rivers, & Lakes 24 Judicial Officials 89 Fast Travel on Canals 24 Aristocrats 90 Travel on Seas and Oceans 26 Town Services 91 Unusual Transport 28 Information Media 93 Flight 28 Accomodations: 93 Trans-Dimensional Transportation 29 Drinking and Smoking II 94 Applying Magic 30 Entertainment II 96 The People 30 Recreation Areas 98 Applied Magic 31 Monuments 99 Specific Magical Classifications 35 Healthcare: Who Gets It 99 Summoning 35 Extraordinary Magical Services 101 Practical Spells for the d20 System 36 Technology 101 Pantheons 40 Communications 102 The Concept of Multiple Pantheons 40 Standard Communications 102 The Concept of Deital Cooperation 40 Commerce 102 The Concept of Sects and Orders 40 Schools 103 Items of Interest 41 Temple Strongholds 104 Metallurgy 41 A Lord’s Castle 105 Mills 41 A Royal Palace 109 Signal Communications 41 Recreational Amenities 108 Exotic Substances and Drugs 41 The Chase 109 To Gun or not to Gun 42 Military Command 110 Lords Spiritual, Lords Book Two: The Cultural Landscape Temporal & Lords Magical 111 Fantasy Society 44 Lords Spiritual: Serving Deities Fantasy Feudalism 44 and Aiding Man 111 The Upper Class 45 Ecclesiastical Concerns 113 Fantasy Armorial Bearings 55 Summation 117 The Middle Class 55 The Typical Abbey 118 Table of Contents continued The Priory 121 1:3 Water Travel Speed for Inland Lords Temporal: Serving Deities and Marine Vessels 24 and Aiding Man 122 1:4 Transportation, Unusual 28 States, Pantheons and Politics 124 1:5 Transportation, Trans-Dimensional 29 Knighthood 126 1:6 Magical Products and Services 32,33,34 Lords Magical 128 2:1 Land Holdings 44 2:2 Materials of the Upper Upper Class 48 Secular Magic in Society 128 2:3 Class and Skill Description: Magic in Government 128 Upper Class 49 Magic in Civilian Enterprise 129 2:4 Materials of the Middle Upper Class 50 On Sovereign Mages 131 2:5 Materials of the Lower Upper Class 53 The Wizard-Priest and Deity 2:6 Manor Holding 54 as Sovereign Ruler 131 2:7 Class and Skill Description: Primitive Society 135 Middle Class 56 The Social Class Structure 135 2:8 Materials of the Upper Middle Class 57 Upper Class 135 2:9 Materials of the Middle Middle Class 59 2:10 Materials of the Lower Middle Class 60 Middle Class 135 2:11 Materials of the Upper Lower Class 62 Lower Class 135 2:12 Typical Work Garments 63 Underclass 135 2:13 Materials of the Middle Lower Class 63 Shaman Hierarchy 135 2:14 Materials of the Lower Lower Class 64 The Primitive Communities 136 2:15 Class and Skill Description: Villages and Encampments 136 Lower Class 64 Pirates 139 2:16 Materials of the Underclass 65 2:17 Class and Skill Description: A Day in the Life... 141 The Underclass 67 2:18 Class and Skill Description: Awakening Through Retiring, Servants, The Criminal Underclass 67 Toilet, Clothing, Food, etc. 141 2:19 The Criminal Underclass 70 A Bailiff 141 2:20 Land and Building Costs 78 A Beggar 141 2:21 Assumed Average Income for Costs 79 A City Gaoler 142 2:22 Labor Costs for Fortifications 79 A Country Squire 142 2:23 Cost of Construction 80 A Courtesan 143 2:24 Underclass Dwellings 82 A Farmer 143 2:25 Worker’s Dwellings 82 A Foreign Factor 144 2:26 Tradesmen’s Dwellings 83 2:27 Craftsmen’s Dwellings 83 A Great Officer 145 2:28 Merchant’s Dwellings 84 A Jungle Hunter 146 2:29 Lodging and Board in Dollars 94 A Knightly Warrior 146 2:30 Lodging and Board in Gold 94 A Laborer 147 2:31 Healthare, Magical 100 A Mage 148 2:32 Royal Officials 106 A Serving Maid 148 2:33 Ecclesiastical Hierarchy 114 A Typical Shop 149 2:34 Lejendary Adventures - A Shop Keeper 149 The Priesthood 119, 120 A Soldier 150 2:35 Title of Nobility and Their Spiritual Equivalents 122 A Wealthy Merchant 151 2:36 Emblems of Office 123 Index 155 2:37 Emblems for the D20 System 125 2:38 The Powers of Emblems Charts for Lejendary Adventures 127 Encounter Chart 1:1 2:39 Magic in Government and Perils of Overland Travel 15 Civilian Enterprise 132, 133, Encounter Chart 1:2 134 Perils of the Waterways 26 2:40 Class and Skill Descriptions: Primitive Society 136 Tables 2:41 Materials of the Primitive Society 137, 138 1:1 Land Travel: 2:42 Materials of the Tropical Island Rates of Speed for Vehicles 17 Inhabitants and Pirates 139 1:2 Canal Depth 23 2:43 Cooking/Food Menu Items 152, 153 Book One There are some assumptions made herein that might not FOUNDATIONS suit every fantasy milieu. The initial one is that while guns and gunpowder are right out, this does not mean that tech- nology is unknown or useless. Indeed, if one is familiar Introduction with history, such as the feats of Archimedes during the siege of Syracuse, there is no reason whatsoever to sup- This is not as strange or dichotomous a book as the title pose that firearms and technology need go hand in hand. sounds. Because of the immersion in campaigns of Fan- So, this world in which “everyday fantasy living” occurs tasy Role-Playing Games in pseudo medieval to early Re- has quite a number of “advances” and even amenities. naissance milieu, a work of this sort is not merely apropos, These are assumed for any number of reasons. but long needed. That is, those enjoying the entertainment provided by such games will have their appreciation en- Initially, the uppermost strata of the population of the “civi- hanced by this text. Through a combination of historical lized” states needs be well-housed, well-protected, and both fact and the magical stuff of the Fantasy Role-Playing autocratic and plutocratic. They need these things to offer Game, all concerned will be better equipped for heroic a plainly evident goal for which those “beneath” them will adventures in the make-believe environment. have much motivation to achieve. Secondarily, these nobles and aristocrats must have the wherewithal to command obedience and offer rewards for success and unpalatable consequences for disobedience or failure. The tertiary rea- son is one that might be foremost in many minds. Their wealth presents a marvelous target for all manner of crimi- nal activity - blackmail, burglary, robbery, swindles, cheat- ing at gambling, pick-pocketing, and grab-and-run theft. So the world in which they live is one where some tech- nologies are a step beyond the medieval, and in some in- stances beyond the Renaissance. The economy is not purely agricultural, and because of deep plowing and developed farming methods - plus land enclosure to accommodate these methods - more than half the population is needed to feed the remainder and to produce a surplus for trade. There is thriving trade and considerable industry sup- ported by such commerce. To move goods around the world, ships are technologically advanced. De- signs are as “recent” as those of our own world in 1650 or thereabouts, sans cannons, but with cata- pults (even pneumatic ones). River traffic thrives, and canals for transportation by boat and barge Using mainly the English socio-economic class system, link rivers and reach towns otherwise deprived of such com- based on feudalistic concepts of the high medieval to Re- mercial benefit. On land, the vehicles to move freight and naissance periods and a sure knowledge of both, the reader people are likewise advanced, so that wagons and coaches is treated to a potpourri of details regarding all manner of are closer to models of the 18th century than the 15th. Road things. After defining the social structure, so as to place networks are not extensive or advanced, so aside from wa- into perspective characters “met” in the fantasy world, this ter connections, much of the state is rather isolated, linked book details how such imaginary persons are garbed, what by arteries that are mere bridal paths and tracks. weapons they might have, how they travel, where they live, what they eat, and so forth. Indeed, in its own way, this is Along with such advances, there are smaller ones that are a rather monumental treatise, information-wise, compacted quite important. Time is kept by mechanical clocks and into a small size. watches. News and information are conveyed by print, as woodblock printing exists. Engineering is such that bridges, While the information is “Eurocentric,” there is sufficient tunnels, and sewers are slightly more advanced in design detail to enable the reader knowledgeable in such different than they were in the time of the Roman Empire. Indoor culture to apply the work to any comparable society of plumbing, even hot water, are not uncommon for the non-European basis, modify it so as to implement its the- wealthier citizens of the more advances states. As there is ses in virtually any civilization of the sort used in Fantasy no gunpowder, the art of fortification and siegecraft has Role-Playing Games. not gone much beyond that of the late middle ages concen- 5 Gary Gygax’s Living Fantasy tric castle. Even though magic works in many ways as stem from such an environment of limited but working explosives might and similar to other modern technolo- magic overseen by numerous, and competing pantheons gies, they are enabled through the use of fantastic crea- of “gods” and their religious organizations. Into such bases tures and spells. So too are counter-magics able to answer are stirred familiar and strange human-like races and fan- such threats. High walls of stone are still an effective means tastic beasts. There are powerful monarchs and penniless of protection when they are properly guarded by warriors beggars and all that comes between those two extremes, and war machines, wizards and wondrous devices. which brings us back nicely to power and wealth, the socio- economic classes mainly determined by those two factors. In such a world, who can really say what other technologi- cal experiments are taking place? While there are unlikely Power is paramount. It is inherited, gained by force, granted to be many, there could be someone working to create a by office or even acquired through personal exploit. In a hot-air balloon, a steam engine, a semaphore system for fantasy world the imperial, royal, noble, and high priest- communication, and like innovation. hood are paramount. Such persons make the laws, com- mand fealty and obedience, pronounce exile or anathema, In all though, the milieu is medieval in many important defend the state, own vast lands, decree taxes and tariffs, features while ancient or even savage in others. As is of- direct public works, appoint officials, mint coinage, regu- ten the case, this world subsumes that language is not a late commerce, set monopolies, make treaties, declare war barrier, that most, if not all, places speak a tongue that is and peace, and send forth minions to do their bidding. Some understandable to one another. Why? The environment is are paragons of virtue and valor, others infamous villains. one to accommodate the adventures of bands of heroes Most are somewhere in between in ethics, morals, and and heroines, of course! To balance the ease of communi- mind….including intellect. Those in power rule, be it a cation, and the ease of role-playing, it is a place of diverse vast state or a small domain of but a few square miles. religions. While a party of wandering adventurers might They direct affairs, sway thinking, and have force to see travel to any distant continent, see strange and marvelous that their will is carried out. things, explore terra incognito, all the while being able to speak with most of the folk met, the “gods” are foreign. Wealth enables power, of course. There are other reasons, There is an assumption that many pantheons of deities ex- though, for its great consequence. It is important not merely ist, demand loyalty from their followers, and have differ- to the “background” of the environment, for it is a motiva- ing aims and who keeps sufficient distance between cul- tor of the adventurers to engage in activity in the milieu, to tures without need of any language barriers. start and maintain their interaction with the fantasy envi- ronment. Idealism, honor, justice, revenge, even so little This brings up the matter of unseen forces, good and evil, as a desire to see the unknown, are fine, but in all, wealth active in the milieu. With active magic this is likely a given, is key, for it conveys much status and leads to power and at so this is assumed herein. The pantheons of deities and least makes it possible to keep on adventuring in the fan- associated entities are indeed active. Thus, there is every- tastic milieu offered. It is the primary tool used by the where evidence of the various “gods” and “goddesses” in master of the imaginary world to direct all the major activ- religious structures, their clergy, and the works of the lat- ity therein not bidden by conquest and power. ter. As was true in medieval Europe, the clergy is vastly important. Furthermore, as they manage health and wel- Power and wealth thus combine to create the socio-eco- fare of both spiritual and mundane sort, the populace de- nomic class structure. The more of each, the higher the pends on them for much more than was ever the case in status of the individual. In order to convey to others the this world. relative standing in this hierarchy, each individual must display in evident form the extent possessed of each cat- Also of considerable import in the fantasy world environ- egory. Thus there are writs, bulls, and commands. So too, ment are different races of humanoid sorts and strange pomp, circumstance, and ceremony. Emblems of power creatures. The former add to the cultural and social differ- range from the crown and scepter to the lowly whip. Wealth ences that make such a milieu interesting and surprising is displayed in the place of residence, servants in atten- and provide challenges and threats. Naturally, the strange, dance, the means of conveyance used, dress and adorn- awful, and bizarre creatures do likewise. Such monsters ment, spending and gifts, leisure and generally profitless assure unexplored wildernesses remain, serve as perils of activities and even charitable work. deadly danger, aid in all manner of similar capacities and even furnish pathos. All of this will be dealt with, mainly in precise form, in the main body of the work. To assist the reader in comprehen- To summarize, the fantasy world subsumed herein is an sion and modeling of such information for the develop- amalgam of the English and Western European models, ment of a world environment, I offer the following: the these being historically familiar, with what might logically socio-economic class structure used herein follows the triple-tiered system, adding below the “accepted” classes 6 Book One the “underclass” - pariahs of destitute sort and the crimi- emphasize this. Not only is it a motivator for the adven- nals. Of course, people being just that, the underclass has turers, but it is a grand tool for the director of the milieu. its own social class system, and indeed, it is subsumed that Acquisition and loss of wealth provide motivators for play- those in the criminal element rise, actually parallel to some ers and puppets. The former work to attain symbols, while extent, the “proper” classes, and have intercourse with their the latter have reason to steal this wealth from them. From relative, if unaccepting, peers. a rich estate seized by an avaricious monarch to a sword swiped by a common thief, all manner of adventures spring. What of those who reject the social and economic-based class system? Aside from “barbarians,” there are such Come along now, and let us explore the mundane work- individuals, “nil-class” persons if you will. They are not ings of the fantasy world, as they are the foundation upon large in number, for generally those denying class struc- which epic stories are crafted, mighty adventures are played ture are actually desirous of establishing a new sort in which out, and around which comedies, dramas, and tragedies they happen to be paramount, or at least of considerable will be enacted. standing! Who are truly nil-class? In a fantasy milieu these individuals will be mainly from the wizards, philoso- Non-Humans Persons in phers, scholars, artists, inventors, free-spirited, explorers, the inteligentsia, and “Bohemians” of the imaginary world. the -Fantasy World Many such persons, however, are considered rogues, branded as such, and thus are forced into the criminal Virtually all fantasy world settings feature one or more underclass. The adventurers that interact in the environ- “humanoid” races. The range is broad, usually including ment might well fit into such group, be it with the non- such types as dwarves, elves, gnomes, halflings, and so criminal or the outlaw factions of the nil-class. As to the forth. How such non-human members of the milieu are accepted social classes structure, here is the form: treated in regards to the society outlined above and de- tailed below is not a difficult matter to decide. Upper class: upper upper, middle upper, lower upper. Middle class: upper middle, middle middle, lower middle. If your particular world has humans and non-humans liv- Lower class: upper lower, middle lower, lower lower. ing in harmonious fashion, then that is how to deal with them in this regard. Use common sense in placing them in The members of each class and each tier within the class the higher positions, and make allowances for at least some will be treated hereafter. This milieu assumes that wealth of them to appear in special categories where they do fit is relatively abundant in all states and most classes. This into the upper class. If there is some tension between man- means there are many goods and services available. Com- kind and its racial cousins, then this is how the socio-eco- merce creates wealth and makes such goods and services nomic structure will be in regards to non-human members available. Commerce and wealth engender criminal activ- of society. If there is enmity between humans and human- ity for, those who want, for whatever reason, are likely to oid races, then that is common in society, with segregation attempt to gain such by dishonest means. and rancorous dealings between, say, humans in the upper class and elves in the same social stratum. Finally, returning to wealth, the make-believe adventurers in the fantasy world will likely not be motivated by power. The incidence of non-humans in the general population is Possessing power means obligations, as the list of things a factor no matter how the different racial kinds get along. power enables clearly demonstrates. Becoming powerful If humanoids are rare, then they will be notable and their means that adventure flies out the window, and the hereto- presence will be unusual, and possibly looked on some- fore footloose and fancy free heroes become staid resi- what askance in “high and polite society” but, accepted dents of some palace, weighed down by everyday concerns without a problem in the lower half of the structure. If of kingdom or fief or office. Wealth on the other hand non-humans comprise 10% or more of the general popula- enables freedom, liberty to rove, adventure and explore. tion, then they will be accepted with some possible reluc- To be accepted, the bold adventurers will typically desire tance in the various tiers. Think of them as foreigners more to be recognized as heroes, not vile criminal outlaws. Thus, than non-humans in this regard; thus some will be wel- to some extent, they will need to fit into the social norm. comed, some ignored, and some shunned. Their power will be evidenced by their bold deeds, but their status will demand a display of their wealth. In places where there are concentrations of humanoids, there are two possible occurrences. First, assuming gen- The need to accumulate riches means that adventurers act- eral distribution of non-humans throughout the social strata, ing in the fantasy environment need to display their status. then humanoid incidence in the various strata will pretty Mere fine arms and armor, mighty horses, and such will much mirror society. Second, with non-humans segregated, not suffice. Actually, one of the major reasons for moving few non-humans will be in the upper class. beyond the purely medieval historical environment is to 7 Gary Gygax’s Living Fantasy If you are in process of constructing a fantasy world, then BANKING the choice of how to build it is open. As non-human races add to the diversity of the milieu, likely they will be in- There is no question that the advanced societies in the fan- cluded. It seems a good idea to have no less that 10% of tasy world will have developed a relatively sophisticated the total population be of humanoid racial - more in a large system of banking, including systems for moving money urban community. If non-human races live in relative har- from one bank to another and from state to state. mony with humans, then so much the better. Thus, a city can have a human slum, a humanoid one, a human foreign The main instrument used to accomplish transfer of funds quarter, and one or more “humanoid quarters” too - dwarves between banks will be documents of some sort, paper or and gnomes in one, perhaps brownies and kobolds in an- otherwise, that indicate funds from Bank A are due to Bank other. In such a place, there will be exclusive human gangs, B. Of course, various banks will be exchanging such docu- mixed human-humanoid ones, and exclusive non-human ments, so that in actuality, actual money might never need groups. Other than the obvious racial differences, though, to be moved, as one note of transfer cancels out another. the contrariety between the lot will be negligible. Otherwise, actual transfer of funds, in gold or gems, will be made. Gems are included in the asset transfer because Assimliation they are used today as a form of money in some places. In the fantasy milieu they would be used extensively because Many campaigns assume that the various non-human ra- paper currency is not employed. Even at $500 per ounce, cial groups living in human civilizations keep most of their gold transfer is bulky, while diamonds at an average of cultural attributes intact. This is not an unreasonable as- $5,000 per carat is compact. As the assumption is that gold, sumption, especially if you consider that, unlike human and collaterally gems, are universally accepted and values “races” which are basically defined by genetic traits, dif- fixed in many states, the inter-bank transfers between these ferent humanoids are actually different genetic types, and institutions in such states will not be difficult. one would logically expect for them to keep many of their core personality traits. Banks will be located in larger communities, towns and cities. They will hold money for persons, make loans, pay Even so, the concept of assimilation is ignored by many and collect interest. When a person wishes to have a large campaigns. Basically, if one cultural group becomes a part sum of money available, but not actually have to carry it, a of or interacts with a larger group, the cultures tend to letter of credit will be issued by the bank holding the merge. This isn’t universal, of course, but historically it individual’s money. The sum of money indicated on the has happened—except when the smaller cultural group has letter of credit can be drawn from any other bank or banks, a very strong ethnic identity or uncompromising religious the amount drawn down in whole or in part, and the hold- or social trait. Please also note that modern democratic ing bank will make good the sum or sums to the total value cultures are much more tolerant and accepting of multi- indicated in the letter of credit. Meanwhile, the issuing bank pluralistic subcultures than they were in ancient and feu- will not pay interest on the sum indicated in the letter of dalistic Middle Ages. reference. Banks will also change metal coin currency of other states into the coin of the realm, change gold into When developing campaign worlds with a well-defined gems and vice versa, for a relatively small fee—5% or less. history, one should at least consider the possibilities. You can have your dwarves in the mountain kingdoms and elves Money changers typically charge a higher fee. Such es- in their forest clans, but there will likely be groups who tablishments are smaller, operate in smaller communities, have accepted and melded with humans (or other human- and offer fewer services. A money changer charges a fee oid kingdoms). If one human city has a huge population higher than that of a bank, likely 6% or more, but such of dwarves living in a major city (say refuge from a war establishments ask few questions. 800 years ago—now making up 20% of the population), one should expect at least some assimilation. It would be very likely that such a population would keep their dwarven traits, but likely adapt to the culture of the overall king- dom, worship the regional human pantheon and so forth. It would also depend on the race. Elves usually have very long life spans and an exotic culture and are more resistant to assimilation than, for example, halflings. Of course, to be accepted into the community, some amount of assimila- tion would be necessary, or else there would be continual conflict, and the different group would not only be shunned and persecuted, but eventually driven out or even killed. 8