G A R D N E R ’ S A RT T H RO U G H T H E A G E S This page intentionally left blank G A R D N E R ’ S A RT T H RO U G H T H E A G E S T H E W E S T E R N P E R S P E C T I V E T E HIRTEENTH DITION Fred S. Kleiner Australia •Brazil •Japan •Korea •Mexico •Singapore •Spain•United Kingdom •United States Gardner’s Art through the Ages:The Western ©2010,2006 Wadsworth,Cengage Learning Perspective,Thirteenth Edition,The Middle Ages, Book B ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part of this work covered by the copyright Fred S.Kleiner herein may be reproduced,transmitted,stored,or used in any form or by any means graphic,electronic,or mechanical,including but not limited to photocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Web distribution, Publisher:Clark Baxter information networks,or information storage and retrieval systems, Senior Development Editor:Sharon Adams Poore except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Further permissions questions can be emailed to Senior Project Manager,Editorial Production:Lianne Ames [email protected] Senior Art Director:Cate Rickard Barr Senior Print Buyer:Judy Inouye Library of Congress Control Number:2008938882 Production Service/Layout:Joan Keyes, ISBN-13:978-0-495-79452-3 Dovetail Publishing Services ISBN-10:0-495-79452-X Text Designer:tani hasegawa Wadsworth Photo Researchers:Sarah Evertson,Stephen Forsling 25 Thomson Place Boston,MA 02210-1202 Cover Designer:tani hasegawa USA Cover Image:RUFILLUS,Initial R,folio 244 recto of a Passional,from Weissenau,Germany,ca.1170–1200. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Bodmer Library photo,codex no.127.Foundation Martin Education,Ltd. Bodmer,Cologny (Geneve). For your course and learning solutions,visit academic.cengage.com Compositor:Thompson Type Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 A b o u t t h e A u t h o r FREDS.KLEINER(Ph.D.,Columbia University) is the co-author of the 10th,11th,and 12th editions ofArt through the Agesand more than a hundred publications on Greek and Roman art and architecture,including A History ofRoman Art,also published by Wadsworth.He has taught the art history survey course for more than three decades, first at the University of Virginia and, since 1978, at Boston University, where he is currently Professor ofArt History and Archaeology and Chair of the Art History De- partment.Long recognized for his inspiring lectures and devotion to students,Profes- sor Kleiner won Boston University’s MetcalfAward for Excellence in Teaching as well as the College Prize for Undergraduate Advising in the Humanities in 2002 and is a two-time winner of the Distinguished Teaching Prize in the College of Arts and Sci- ences Honors Program.He was Editor-in-Chiefofthe American Journal ofArchaeology from 1985 to 1998. A History ofRoman Art (Wadsworth 2007; ISBN 0534638465) Gardner’s Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives,Thirteenth Edition (Wadsworth 2010;ISBN 0495573671) This page intentionally left blank A b o u t t h e C ove r A r t RUFILLUS,Initial R,folio 244 recto ofa Passional,from Weissenau,Germany, ca.1170–1200.Bibliotheca Bodmeriana,Geneva. The number ofmedieval artists who signed their work is tiny,especially before the Romanesque period. A notable exception is Brother Rufillus,who not only signed his name—FR(ater) RVFILLVS—on one page ofa late-12th century Passional (a book ofsaints’lives) produced at an abbey in Weissenau,Ger- many,but also portrayed himself,with tonsured head,at work painting the initial R.He wears the white robe ofa canon ofthe Premonstratensian order founded by Saint Norbert ofXanten (ca.1080–1134) in 1120.Rufillus sits on a bench in the abbey’s scriptorium with his equipment on two tables to his left and right,including several cups ofdifferent colored pigments.Obviously proud ofhis accomplishments as a painter,Rufillus also depicted himselfat work as an illuminator in a second Weissenau manuscript now in the Bibliothèque Municipale in Amiens. The names ofseveral other Romanesque artists are known,but before the 14th century,most artists toiled in anonymity in the service oftheir patrons,whether Egyptian pharaohs,Roman emperors,or me- dieval bishops.Art through the Agessurveys the art ofall periods from prehistory to the present and ex- amines how artworks ofall kinds,anonymous or signed,have always reflected the historical contexts in which they were created. This page intentionally left blank C O N T E N T S PREFACE xi CHAPTER 10 THE ISLAMIC WORLD 261 CHAPTER 8 Early Islamic Art 262 LATE ANTIQUITY 209 Later Islamic Art 272 Dura-Europos 209 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Muhammad and Islam 263 The Catacombs and Funerary Art 211 (cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Mosque 265 Architecture and Mosaics 215 (cid:2) ARTISTS ON ART: Sinan the Great and the Mosque of Selim II 274 Luxury Arts 224 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Islamic Tilework 277 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Jewish Subjects in Christian (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Christian Patronage of Islamic Art 282 Art 213 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Life of Jesus in Art 216 THE BIG PICTURE 283 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mosaics 223 CHAPTER 11 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Medieval Manuscript Illumination 225 EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE 285 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Ivory Carving 227 Art of the Warrior Lords 285 THE BIG PICTURE 229 Christian Art:Scandinavia,British Isles,Spain 288 Carolingian Art 293 CHAPTER 9 Ottonian Art 300 BYZANTIUM 231 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Medieval Books 289 Early Byzantine Art 232 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Four Evangelists 290 Middle Byzantine Art 247 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Charlemagne’s Renovatio Imperii Romani 294 Late Byzantine Art 255 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Medieval Monasteries (cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Pendentives and Squinches 235 and Benedictine Rule 298 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Theodora, a Most Unusual Empress 240 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Theophanu, a Byzantine Princess (cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: The Emperors of New Rome 243 in Ottonian Germany 306 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Icons and Iconoclasm 246 THE BIG PICTURE 307 THE BIG PICTURE 259 ix