G a r d n e r’ s A r t T h r o u g h T h e Ag e s Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. G a r d n e r’ s A r t T h r o u g h T h e Ag e s A GlobA l History volume ii fifteenth edition f r e d s . k l e i n e r Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. 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Gardner’s Art through the Ages: © 2016, 2013, 2009 Cengage Learning A Global History, Fifteenth Edition, Volume II WCN: 02-200-203 Fred S. Kleiner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Product Director: Monica Eckman may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Product Manager: Sharon Adams Poore graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Content Developer: Rachel Harbour recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Associate Content Developer: Erika Hayden Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Product Assistant: Rachael Bailey written permission of the publisher. 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IP Project Manager: Farah Fard Production Service and Layout: Dovetail Library of Congress Control Number: 2014943688 Publishing Services Compositor: Cenveo® Publisher Services Student Edition (Volume II): ISBN: 978-1-285-83939-4 Text Designer: Frances Baca Cover Designer: Mark Fox, Design is Play Loose-leaf Edition (Volume II): Cover Image: Photography © 2011 Museum of ISBN: 978-1-305-63733-7 Fine Arts, Boston, 99.22 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 02 Print Year: 2015 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. t r a r e v o c e h t Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), 1840. Oil on canvas, 2' 111" × 4'. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Henry Lillie Pierce Fund). 4 t The first painters, who covered the walls and ceilings of the caves of France and Spain beginning around 30,000 years ago, chose animals and occasionally humans as their exclusive subjects. The first landscapes appeared many thousands of years later, but soon became staples of most, but by no means all, artistic cultures worldwide. u The Slave Ship, by the British painter Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851), is one of the finest examples of landscape (or, more precisely, seascape) painting, but it is also a work of social commentary. It records the decision by the captain of the slave ship Zong to throw 50 sick and dying slaves overboard o when he realized that his insurance would reimburse him for slaves lost at sea but not for those who died en route. Turner’s frenzied emotional depiction of the dumping of the slaves into the sea matches the deed’s barbaric nature. his great innovation as a painter was to release color from any defining outlines so as to express both the forces of nature and the painter’s emotional response to them. In his works, color and b brushstrokes themselves become almost the subject of the paintings, an important step on the road to completely abstract artworks during the following century. Turner’s intensely personal approach to painting characterizes the art of the modern era in general, but it is not typical of many periods of the history of art, when artists toiled in anonymity to fulfill the wishes a of their patrons, whether egyptian pharaohs, roman emperors, or medieval monks. Art through the Ages surveys the art of all periods from prehistory to the present, and worldwide, and examines how artworks of all kinds have always reflected the historical contexts in which they were created. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents Preface xv chapter 28 Before 1300 xxi impressionism, Post-impressionism, symbolism: europe and america, 1870 to 1900 840 IntroductIon chapter 29 What is art History? 1 Modernism in europe and america, chapter 14 1900 to 1945 880 late Medieval italy 410 chapter 30 Modernism and Postmodernism in europe chapter 20 and america, 1945 to 1980 948 late Medieval and early renaissance northern europe 554 chapter 31 Contemporary art Worldwide 994 chapter 21 chapter 32 The renaissance in Quattrocento italy 580 south and southeast asia, 1200 to 1980 1032 chapter 22 chapter 33 renaissance and Mannerism in Cinquecento italy 622 China and korea, 1279 to 1980 1048 chapter 23 chapter 34 High renaissance and Mannerism in northern Japan, 1333 to 1980 1064 europe and spain 674 chapter 35 chapter 24 native american Cultures, 1300 to 1980 1082 The Baroque in italy and spain 700 chapter 36 chapter 25 Oceania before 1980 1102 The Baroque in northern europe 730 chapter 37 africa, 1800 to 1980 1120 chapter 26 rococo to neoclassicism: The 18th Century notes 1140 in europe and america 762 Glossary 1143 chapter 27 Bibliography 1156 Credits 1170 romanticism, realism, Photography: europe and america, 1800 to 1870 792 index 1176 vii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.