G A R D N E R ’ S ARTTTTT AAAAAGES ou the Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. G A R D N E R ’ S FRED S. KLEINER ART AGES through the A CONCISE WESTERN HISTORY THIRD EDITION Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Concise Western History, © 2014, 2010, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Third Edition Fred S. Kleiner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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ISBN-13: 978-1-133-95479-8 Compositor: Thompson Type ISBN-10: 1-133-95479-0 Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor-specifi c resources. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. VASSILY KANDINSKY, Improvisation 28 (second version), 1912. Oil on canvas, 3′ 7–78″ × 5′ 3–78″. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York (gift of Solomon R. Guggenheim, 1937). T One of the most radical ideas in the 30,000-year-long history of art—the idea that a painting R or sculpture does not have to represent anything—emerged in the years leading up to World A War I. Among the fi rst artists to explore complete abstraction in painting was Russian-born VASSILY KANDINSKY (1866–1944), who moved to Munich in 1896 and soon developed an ag- R gressively spontaneous expressive style of applying colors and lines to blank canvas. In works such as Improvisation 28, Kandinsky championed the elimination of representational ele- E ments in art. A true intellectual, widely read in philosophy, religion, history, and the other V arts, especially music, Kandinsky was one of the few artists who grasped the implications of O early-20th-century advances in the sciences. The exploration of atomic structure, for exam- ple, convinced Kandinsky that material objects had no real substance, thereby shattering his C faith in a world of tangible things, and prompting him to reject the age-old assumption that art should imitate nature. Kandinsky articulated his ideas in an infl uential treatise, Concern- E ing the Spiritual in Art, published in 1912, the same year he painted Improvisation 28. Artists, H Kandinsky believed, should not seek to reproduce the visible world in art. Rather, they must express their innermost feelings by orchestrating color, form, line, and space. Improvisation 28 T conveys feelings with color juxtapositions, intersecting linear elements, and implied spatial relationships. T That we know Vassily Kandinsky’s name and details of his career and philosophy of U art is characteristic of the modern era in general, but it is not typical of many periods of the history of art when artists toiled in anonymity to fulfi ll the wishes of their patrons, whether O Egyptian pharaohs, Roman emperors, or medieval monks. Art through the Ages: A Concise West- B ern History surveys the art of all periods from prehistory to the present and examines how artworks of all kinds have always refl ected the historical contexts in which they were created. A Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents Preface xiii INTRODUCTION What Is Art History? 1 1 Prehistory and the First Civilizations 15 2 Ancient Greece 47 3 The Roman Empire 87 4 Early Christianity and Byzantium 123 5 The Islamic World 147 6 Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe 161 7 Gothic and Late Medieval Europe 191 8 The Early Renaissance in Europe 221 9 High Renaissance and Mannerism in Europe 257 10 Baroque uErope 293 11 Rococo to Neoclassicism in Europe and America 323 12 Romanticism, Realism, and Photography, 1800 to 1870 341 13 Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Symbolism, 1870 to 1900 367 14 Modernism in Europe and America, 1900 to 1945 387 15 Modernism and Postmodernism in Europe and America, 1945 to 1980 423 16 Contemporary Art Worldwide 449 Notes 468 | Glossary 472 | Bibliography 485 | Credits 494 | Museum Index 498 | Subject Index 501 vii Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.