Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology A LANGE medical book T W E N T Y  F O U R T H E D I T I O N Kim E. Barrett, PhD Professor, Department of Medicine Dean of Graduate Studies University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California Susan M. Barman, PhD Professor, Department of Pharmacology/ Toxicology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Scott Boitano, PhD Associate Professor, Physiology Arizona Respiratory Center Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Heddwen L. Brooks, PhD Associate Professor, Physiology College of Medicine Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Ganong_FM_i-x.indd i 1/6/12 5:30:16 PM Copyright © 2012 by Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-178004-9 MHID: 0-07-178004-1 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-178003-2, MHID: 0-07-178003-3. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefi t of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at