E Y E W I T N E S S GANDHI Be a part of Gandhi’s extraordinary life story and relive a momentous chapter in history E Y E W I T N E S S GANDHI Types of natural remedies used by Gandhi Replica of the cauldron in which Indians in South Africa burned ID cards in Hamidia Mosque, Johannesburg, in 1908 Indian caste pyramid Prayer beads Gandhi’s autobiography, The Story of My Gandhi’s eyeglasses Experiments with Truth Boer War medal Gandhi as a lawyer in London Coat of arms of the English East India Company Three wise monkeys, epitomizing Gandhi’s ideals Gandhi Memorial in Gandhi Smriti, New Delhi E Y E W I T N E S S GANDHI Bowl and plate Written by Poster carrying an appeal used by Gandhi JUHI SAKLANI to buy Indian paper, 1940 Consultant VIVEK BHANDARI Example of the type of spinning wheel used by Gandhi LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI Senior editor Dipali Singh Editor Medha Gupta Designers Astha Singh, Sukriti Sobti Picture researcher Sakshi Saluja Picture research manager Taiyaba Khatoon Raw indigo dye Senior cartographer Swati Handoo Sign on the house in which extracted from Cartography manager Suresh Kumar Gandhi lived in London Indigofera tinctoria plant Managing editor Alka Ranjan Managing art editor Romi Chakraborty DTP designers Nandkishor Acharya, Ganesh Sharma, Jagtar Singh Senior producer Charlotte Cade Sri Mahadevar Print programme manager Luca Frassinetti Temple, Vaikom, Managing director Aparna Sharma Kerala First American Edition, 2014 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 4th floor, 345 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 257057—09/14 Copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, World Peace gong, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the Gandhi Smriti, New Delhi copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-4654-2684-0 (Paperback) ISBN: 978-1-4654-2698-7 (ALB) DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected]. Printed and bound in China by South China Printing Co. Ltd. Discover more at Gandhi in Noakhali, East Bengal (now in Bangladesh) World War II poster showing an Replicas of the type of khadau Indian soldier in the British army (wooden sandals) worn by Gandhi 4 Contents A portable charkha similar to the type used by Gandhi Introducing Gandhi 6 March to the sea 44 British Empire 8 Trip to England 46 Early years 10 World War II and India 48 Mohandas in London 12 Quit India Movement 50 In South Africa 14 Search for harmony 52 Satyagraha begins 16 Partition 54 World influences 18 Freedom at last! 56 Portrait of the Raj 20 Gandhi killed 58 Hind Swaraj 22 In Gandhi’s footsteps 60 Return to India 24 Nonviolence in action 62 Gandhi’s ashrams 26 Timeline 64 Family and friends 28 Did you know? 66 A leader emerges 30 Mapping Gandhi 68 Khilafat Movement 32 Glossary 70 Noncooperation 34 Index 72 Reawakening 36 Untouchability 38 Gandhi and his peers 40 Roads to freedom 42 5 Introducing Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869–January 30, 1948) was the inspirational political leader who led India to freedom from British colonial rule by adopting peaceful means of protest. Gandhi’s commitment to the welfare of the Coat of arms of Porbandar state poor, his efforts to bring harmony at all levels Product of his times of society, and his personal asceticism earned Gandhi was born in British India at a time during which him the title “Mahatma,” or “great soul.” Indians were considered inferior. Even his father, a minister in the princely state of Porbandar, did not receive the respect he deserved. Gandhi was aware of the problems within his own “My life is my message.” society as well, such as discrimination against people MAHATMA GANDHI from lower castes (see p.27). Man of few possessions The Mahatma was a deeply spiritual man who did not get distracted by worldly possessions or power. Identifying with India’s poor, he lived very simply and only wore a handwoven dhoti, or loincloth. His pair of eyeglasses, Three wise monkeys pen, prayer book, spinning wheel, and wooden sandals were among Covering their eyes, ears, and mouth his few personal belongings. with their hands, the three wise monkeys “see no evil, hear no evil, and speak no evil,” epitomizing Gandhi’s philosophy of truth and nonviolence. Given to Gandhi by visitors from China, these monkeys illustrate his idea of a truthful life. 6 India’s leader of the masses Gandhi converted the Indian freedom movement from a narrow struggle of lawyers and politicians into a mass uprising. After working for the rights of Indians living in South Africa, Gandhi inspired millions in his own country to fight against the British rule without hatred or violence. Gandhi’s satyagraha, or truth-force (see p.16), galvanized millions of Indians to face police brutalities with a dignity that impressed the world. Gandhi wore simple clothes to identify with ordinary Indians in South Africa Truly global Gandhi took the world’s best ideas and applied them to India. Educated in London, he became an activist in South Africa and learned from thinkers such as Henry David Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy, and John Ruskin. In turn, he inspired leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela, and Barack Obama. Gandhi in London to attend the Second Round Table Conference, 1931 7 British Empire NORTH AMERICA From the 15th to the 18th century, Europeans explored the world by sea in search of new trade routes. Countries such as Portugal, Spain, Britain, and PACIFIC OCEAN France conquered territories and SOU established colonies in the Americas, AMER Africa, Asia, and Australia, bringing much of the world under their rule. Britain soon asserted its dominance with its superior gunpower, strong navy, and diplomacy, and created the mighty British Empire. Trading empires Between the late 15th and 18th centuries, the Portuguese and Dutch, followed by the British, developed large Industrial Revolution trading empires stretching to Africa, Abundant raw materials, available capital, and Asia, the Americas, and Australia. By key technological developments, such as the the 17th century, the English East India steam engine, created conditions ripe for an Company, a merchant company, had industrial revolution in Britain. Invented by Thomas gained a foothold in India by establishing Newcomen in 1712, the steam engine was improved Fort St. George (in southern India)—an by James Watt. It replaced the water wheel and important port and entry point to India. horses—which were slow and unreliable— as the main source of power for British industry, contributing to large-scale production and faster transportation by steamships and railroads. Slave chains Slave trade Flexible ways of financing sea voyages gave fresh impetus to Britain’s slave trade. By the 1780s, Model of British ships were carrying James Watt’s 40,000 slaves from Africa to steam engine, the Americas annually. which paved Trinkets, textiles, and the way for weapons were sent to Africa the Industrial and exchanged for slaves, Revolution who were sold for huge profit in the Americas. 8