GALE The E NCYCLOPEDIA M T of EDICINE h e G A FIFTH EDITION o L f E VOLUMES M E 1-9 EN D C IY C C I NL O E P E D I A FIFTH EDITION VOLUME 9 Chronology Organizations 90000 Glossary Index 9 781410 333964 9781410333964_GEM5_V9.indd 1 3/6/15 4:01 PM GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:44Page 1 GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA of M EDICINE FIFTH EDITION GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:51Page 3 GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA of M EDICINE F I F T H E D I T I O N VOLUMES 1-9 JACQUELINE L. LONGE, EDITOR GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/12/2015 09:14Page 4 ª2015Gale,CengageLearning ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyrighthereinmaybe WCN:01-100-101 reproduced,transmitted,stored,orusedinanyformorbyanymeansgraphic,electronic, ormechanical,includingbutnotlimitedtophotocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing, TheGaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,FifthEdition taping,Webdistribution,informationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrieval systems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates ProjectEditor:JacquelineL.Longe CopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. Editorial:KristinKey,JasonEverett,Monica Hubbard,KristinMallegg,BrighamNarins AcquisitionsEditor:AndreaHenderson Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat GaleCustomerSupport,1-800-877-4253. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData TheGaleencyclopediaofmedicine.–Fifthedition/JacquelineL.Longe,editor. p.;cm. Encyclopediaofmedicine Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4103-1730-8(set:alk.paper)--ISBN978-1-4103-1731-5(vol.1:alk.paper)-- ISBN978-1-4103-1732-2(vol.2:alk.paper)--ISBN978-1-4103-1733-9(vol.3:alk.paper)-- ISBN978-1-4103-1734-6(vol.4:alk.paper)--ISBN978-1-4103-1735-3(vol.5:alk.paper)-- ISBN978-1-4103-1736-0(vol.6:alk.paper)--ISBN978-1-4103-1737-7(vol.7:alk.paper)-- ISBN978-1-4103-1738-4(vol.8:alk.paper)--ISBN978-1-4103-3396-4(vol.9:alk.paper)-- ISBN978-1-4103-1739-1(e-book) I.Longe,JacquelineL.,editor.II.Title:Encyclopediaofmedicine. [DNLM:1. Medicine–Encyclopedias–English.WB13] RC41 616.003--dc23 2015001482 Gale 27500DrakeRd. FarmingtonHills,MI,48331-3535 ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1730-8(set) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1735-3(vol.5) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1731-5(vol.1) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1736-0(vol.6) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1732-2(vol.2) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1737-7(vol.7) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1733-9(vol.3) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1738-4(vol.8) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1734-6(vol.4) ISBN-13:978-1-4103-3396-4(vol.9) Thistitleisalsoavailableasane-book. ISBN-13:978-1-4103-1739-1 ContactyourGale,apartofCengageLearningsalesrepresentativeforordering information. Printed in the China 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19 18 17 16 15 GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:46Page 5 ADVISORY BOARD Anumberofmedicalspecialistsfromavarietyofbackgroundsprovidedinvaluableassistanceintheformulationofthis encyclopedia. This advisory board performed a myriad of duties, from defining the scope of coverage to reviewing individual entries for accuracy and accessibility. The editor would therefore like to express her sincere thanks and appreciationforalloftheircontributions. KenBerniker,MD MelindaGrangerOberleitner, BritishNutrition Emergencyphysician RN,DNS,APRN,CNS Institute ElCerrito,CA AssociateDeanandProfessor London,England,UK CollegeofNursingandAllied EmilyA.Darr,MD HealthProfessions ChitraVenkatasubramanian, MD Physician UniversityofLouisianaat ClinicalAssistantProfessor, Charleston,SC Lafayette NeurologyandNeurological Lafayette,LA BrendaWilmothLerner, Sciences RN SaraStannerSRD,PhD, StanfordUniversitySchoolof MedicalEditorandWriter RPHNutr Medicine Montrose,AL NutritionScientist PaloAlto,CA GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:48Page 7 CONTENTS Please Read—Important Information ix ....... Introduction xi ................................................ Alphabetical List of Entries xiii ...................... Contributors xxix ........................................... Volume 1: A–Bin entries 1 .............................. Volume 2: Bio–C entries 693 .......................... Volume 3: D–F entries 1439 .......................... Volume 4: G–I entries 2061 ........................... Volume 5: J–M entries 2805 .......................... Volume 6: N–P entries 3521 .......................... Volume 7: Q–S entries 4265 .......................... Volume 8: T–Z entries 4911 .......................... Volume 9: Chronology, Organizations, Glossary, Index 5497 ................................. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION vii GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:49Page 9 PLEASE READ—IMPORTANT INFORMATION The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Fifth Edition makes no representations or warranties of any kind, is a health reference product designed to inform and includingwithoutlimitation,warrantiesofmerchant- educate readers about a wide varietyofhealthtopics, ability or fitness for a particular purpose, nor does it including diseases, disorders, conditions, treatments guarantee the accuracy, comprehensiveness, or time- and diagnostic tests, diets, alternative treatments, and liness of the information contained in this product. prevention.Gale,CengageLearningbelievestheprod- Readersshouldbeawarethattheuniverseofmedical ucttobecomprehensive,butnotnecessarilydefinitive. knowledge is constantly growing and changing, and Itisintendedtosupplement,notreplace,consultation that differences of opinion exist among authorities. with a physician or other healthcare practitioners. Readersarealsoadvisedtoseekprofessionaldiagno- While Gale, Cengage Learning has made substantial sis and treatment for any medical condition, and to efforts to provide information that is accurate, com- discuss information obtained from this book with prehensive, and up-to-date, Gale, Cengage Learning theirhealthcareprovider. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION ix GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:50Page 11 INTRODUCTION TheGaleEncyclopediaofMedicine5(GEM5)isa Tests,treatments,therapies,andotherprocedures one-stop source for medical information on common (cid:2) Definition medical disorders, conditions, tests, treatments, drugs, and other health-related topics, including high-profile (cid:2) Purpose diseases such as AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, (cid:2) Precautions and heart disease. This encyclopedia avoids medical jargon and uses language that laypersons can under- (cid:2) Description stand while still providing thorough coverage of each (cid:2) Preparation topic. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5 fills a gap (cid:2) Aftercare betweenbasicconsumerhealthresources,suchassingle- volumefamilymedicalguides,andhighlytechnicalpro- (cid:2) Risks fessionalmaterials. (cid:2) Results (cid:2) Alternatives Scope (cid:2) Resources Almost 2,000 full-length articles are included in (cid:2) Keyterms The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5, including disor- ders/conditions, tests/procedures, and treatments/ Drugs,herbs,andsupplements therapies. Many common drugs are also covered, with generic drug names appearing first and brand (cid:2) Definition names following in parentheses—e.g., acetaminophen (cid:2) Description (Tylenol). Prominent individuals in medicine and his- (cid:2) Recommendeddosage toricmedicalbreakthroughsarehighlightedassidebars thataccompanythemaintopicalessays.Articlesfollow (cid:2) Precautions a standardized format that provides information at a (cid:2) Sideeffects glance.Rubricsinclude: (cid:2) Interactions Disordersandconditions (cid:2) Resources (cid:2) Definition (cid:2) Keyterms (cid:2) Description In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interestinholisticmedicinethatemphasizestheconnec- (cid:2) Demographics tion between mind and body. Aimed at achieving and (cid:2) Causesandsymptoms maintaining good health rather than just eliminating (cid:2) Diagnosis disease, this approach has come to be known as alter- native medicine. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5 (cid:2) Treatment includes a number of essays on alternative therapies, (cid:2) Prognosis rangingfromtraditionalChinesemedicinetohomeopa- thy and frommeditation toaromatherapy. In addition (cid:2) Prevention to full essays on alternative therapies, the encyclopedia (cid:2) Resources features specific Alternatives sections for diseases and (cid:2) Keyterms conditions that may be helped by complementary GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION xi GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:50Page 12 n therapies. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5 also (cid:2) Cross-referencesplacedthroughouttheencyclopedia o ti includesentriesondiets,nutrition,andgeneralwellness. directreaderstowhereinformationonsubjectswith- c u out entries can be found. Synonyms and acronyms d ro Inclusioncriteria arealsocross-referenced. t n I (cid:2) Alistofkeytermsareprovidedwhereappropriateto Apreliminarylistofdiseases,disorders,tests,and defineunfamiliartermsorconcepts. treatments was compiled from a wide variety of sour- ces, including professional medical guides and text- (cid:2) A chronology highlights significant events and dis- books as well as consumer guides and encyclopedias. coveries in the field of medicine that helps give the Final selection of topics to include was made by the reader a broad sense of the development of western advisoryboardinconjunctionwiththeeditor. medicine through time and its importance in estab- lishingpublichealthstandards. Aboutthecontributors (cid:2) Valuable contact information for organizations and support groups is included with each entry. The The essayswerecompiledby experienced medical writers,includingphysicians,pharmacists,nurses,and appendix contains an extensive list of organizations otherhealthcareprofessionals.GEM5medicaladvisors arrangedinalphabeticalorder. reviewed the completed essays to ensure that they are (cid:2) Theresourcessectiondirectsuserstoadditionalsour- appropriate,uptodate,andmedicallyaccurate. cesofmedicalinformationonatopic. (cid:2) Acomprehensivegeneralindexallowsuserstoeasily Howtousethisbook target detailed aspects of any topic, including Latin The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5 has been names. designedwithreadyreferenceinmind. (cid:2)Straight alphabetical arrangement allows users to Graphics locateinformationquickly. TheGaleEncyclopedia ofMedicine5isenhanced (cid:2)Bold-faced terms function as print hyperlinks that withover850images,includingphotos,charts,tables, pointthereadertorelatedentriesintheencyclopedia. anddetailedillustrations. xii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:50Page 13 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES Adrenalglandcancer Amblyopia A Adrenalglandscan Amebiasis Adrenalvirilism Amenorrhea Abdominalultrasound Adrenalectomy Aminoaciddisordersscreening Abdominalwalldefects Adrenocorticotropichormone Aminoglycosides Abortion,partialbirth test Amnesia Abortion,selective Adrenoleukodystrophy Amniocentesis Abortion,therapeutic Adultdaycare Amputation Abscess Adultnutrition Amylasetests Abscessincisionanddrainage Adultrespiratorydistress Amyloidosis Abuse syndrome Amyotrophiclateralsclerosis Acetaminophen Advancedirectives Anabolicsteroiduse Achalasia Aging Anaerobicinfections Achondroplasia Agoraphobia Analatresia Acidphosphatasetest AIDS Analcancer Acne Alagillesyndrome Analwarts Acousticneuroma Alanineaminotransferasetest Analgesics Acrocyanosis Albinism Analgesics,opioid Acromegalyandgigantism Alcohol-relatedneurologic Anaphylaxis Actinomycosis disease Anatomy Acupressure Alcoholism Anemias Acupuncture Aldolasetest Anesthesia Acutekidneyfailure Aldosteroneassay Aneurysmectomy Acutelymphangitis Alexandertechnique Angermanagement Acutepoststreptococcal Alkalinephosphatasetest Angina glomerulonephritis Allergicpurpura Angiography Acutestressdisorder Allergicrhinitis Angioplasty Addiction Allergies Angiotensin-convertingenzyme Addison’sdisease Allergytests inhibitors Adenoidhyperplasia Alopecia Angiotensin-convertingenzyme Adenovirusinfections Alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)test test Adhesions Alpha1-adrenergicblockers Animalbiteinfections Adjustmentdisorders Alportsyndrome Ankylosingspondylitis Admissiontothehospital Altitudesickness Anorectaldisorders Adolescentnutrition Alzheimer’sdisease Anorexianervosa GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION xiii