Polish Botanical Journal 47(2): 143–165, 2002 FUNGI (MACROMYCETES) IN VARIOUS TYPES OF MEDITERRANEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS (TUSCANY, ITALY) ANGELA LAGANÀ, ELENA SALERNI, CARLA BARLUZZI, VINCENZO DE DOMINICIS & CLAUDIA PERINI Abstract: The results of mycocoenological research conducted over a period of nearly 30 years in central southern Tuscany (Italy) are reported. The 599 fungal species found in 11 permanent plots include ubiquitous taxa and taxa linked preferentially or exclusively to certain types of forest ecosystems. Fungal1 biodiversity was particularly high in evergreen oak forests of the Grosseto coast. Classification of samples brought out affinities and differences between the various fungal communities. Ordering by detrended correspondence analysis revealed that the relevés were disposed along a climate-altitude gradient. The health status of the forests, evaluated according to criteria proposed by Central European authors, was generally found to be good. The period of major fungal fruiting was autumn, though the duration of fruiting varied between different environments: in high altitude and coastal environ- ments, the fungal mycelium produced carpophores nearly all year round, whereas no carpophores were found for many months in the hill belt. Key words: mycocoenology, biodiversity, trophic groups, periodicity, classification, ordination Angela Laganà & Elena Salerni, Vincenzo de Dominicis & Claudia Perini, Dip. Scienze Ambientali, Siena University, Via P. A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] Carla Barluzzi, Via Sansedoni 9, 53100 Siena, Italy INTRODUCTION Mycocoenological research by the Department of This work was intended to obtain information Environmental Sciences, Siena University, has on the ecology of individual species, and as com- proceeded in various forest ecosystems of central plete a picture as possible of fungal communities southern Tuscany for many years (Barluzzi et al. developing in the main forest ecosystems of the 1983, 1987, 1992; Comandini et al. 1993; De Do- study area. A further aim was to examine simi- minicis & Barluzzi 1983; Perini et al. 1989, 1993, larities and/or differences between these com- 1995; Salerni et al. 1995, 2000, 2001; Laganà et munities. al. 1996, 1999, 2001). This type of research is most effective for obtaining information on the ecology and spatiotemporal distribution of fungal STUDY AREA species, topics of prime interest in recent years with the increase in public awareness on questions Geographically and climatically, Tuscany is a trans- of conservation. Threatened species worthy of itional region, situated as it is between the penin- protection can only be identified if their ecological sular and continental parts of Italy. The terrain is requirements and distribution are known. This in- largely hilly and mountainous, with only a minor formation is available for many taxa in Central area of alluvial plains. Forests are a major re- and Northern European countries, but not for my- source, measuring 900,000 ha, 120,000 ha of which cobiota of the Mediterranean area. is regional government property. The study area has varied orography, extending 1 The term fungi refers here to macroscopic ascomycetous and from the sandy or rocky Tyrrhenian coast, through basidiomycetous fungi usually called macromycetes. river flats and a wide hill belt, to the central Apen- 144 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. graphs (Antonín & Noordeloos 1997; Bon 1997; Court- ecuisse & Duhem 1994; Jülich 1989; Moser 1983; Ro- magnesi 1967, etc.). Abbreviations of authors’ names are according to Brummitt and Powell (1992). The auth- ors of fungal names are given in Table 2 and Appen- dices 1–4. Columns 3–13 of Table 2 show the maximum abun- dance of each species during the study period (maxi- mum carpophore density per visit, mCDv) and the num- ber of years in which it fruited (FY), plot by plot. The actual number of carpophores counted was transformed to CDv using the scale given by Arnolds (1981). The respective specimens are in the Herbarium Universitatis Senensis (SIENA). Nomenclature of plant species is ac- cording to Pignatti (1982). Correlations between variables were tested by Pear- son’s linear coefficient. Comparisons between small Fig. 1. Studied area: stations 1 and 2 – evergreen oak woods samples were done by the nonparametric Mann-Whit- of the coastline; stations 3 and 4 – evergreen oak woods of the ney U test. Processing was done with STATISTICA 5.0 inland hills; stations 5, 6 and 7 – chestnut coppices; stations software (StatSoft Inc.). Samples were classified with 8 and 9 – fir woods of Mt. Amiata; stations 10 and 11 – fir the Syn-tax 5.0 program (Podani 1993), using the d woods in the Parco Naturale delle Foreste Casentinesi. index (d = 1-s, where s is the index of Jaccard 1901) as the dissimilarity measure and the mean link as the clus- tering function. Samples were ordered by detrended nines (Fig. 1). The permanent plots for the present correspondence analysis (DCA) using CANOCO for research were chosen to create a transect of the Windows® (Ter Braak & Šmilauer 1998). various forest types of the region, from coast to mountains. The main features of the plots are sum- marized in Table 1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION MATERIALS AND METHODS A total 429 fungal species (Table 2) plus 170 spo- radic fungal species (species found in one plot in The data reported here were obtained in research which one year only, with mCDv < 2; Appendix 1) were has been underway for different periods in the various found during the study period. The data in the forest ecosystems. The periods range from four to six table provides insights into the ecological require- years, not all continuous, consisting of data from 1998– ments of each species and its presence or other- 1999 and earlier data. wise in the different plots or environments. A few Sampling was done monthly and sometimes fort- examples follow. nightly (in major fruiting periods), and involved recor- ding all fungal species and counting the number of car- Group I contains the 25 species found in all pophores. plots; examples are Laccaria laccata, Mycena ga- The species found in the 11 plots are listed in Table 2 lopus, M. pura, M. vitilis and Xylaria hypoxylon. and Appendix 1 (sporadic species). The first column of This ubiquity confirms reports by other authors of Table 2 indicates the trophic group (GT) to which the the broad ecological spectrum of these species. species was assigned, largely according to the criteria of Group II contains 29 species absent in fir Arnolds et al. (1995). Two groups or one group with a woods on Mt. Amiata (plots 8 and 9) and the Parco question mark are indicated for some species, as it is Naturale delle Foreste Casentinesi (plots 10 and 11). sometimes difficult to determine the preferential sub- The 21 species not found in plots 10 and 11 seem strate. Nomenclature is based on Arnolds et al. (1995) to avoid high altitudes and the cold conditions as- where possible, otherwise on various texts and mono- sociated with them. A. LAGANÀ ET AL: FUNGI OF MEDITERRANEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 145 Geological substratum sandstone sandstone limestone (‘calcarecavernoso’) polygenic conglomerates polychromes sericiticschists sandstone metasandstones, phyllitesand metaconglomerates(‘Verrucano’) sandstones of the type‘Pietraforte’ sandstones of the type‘Pietraforte’ turbiditic sandstonealternating with greymarly-schist turbiditic sandstonealternating with greymarly-schist Climatic belt(Thornthwaite 1948) C (subarid,1– 33.3<I<0)m C(subhumid,2 – 0<I<20)m B (humid, 20<I<40)1m B (humid, 20<I<40)1m B (humid, 20<I<40)1m B (humid, 20<I<40)1m (humid,B3,460<I<100)m (humid,B3,460<I<100)m B (humid,3,460<I<100)m >100)A (very humid, Im >100)A (very humid, Im Other species Arbutus unedo L., Cyclamen repandum S.& S., Phyllirea latifolia L., Rubia peregrinaL., Smilax aspera L., Viburnum tinus L. Arbutus unedo, Cyclamen repandum,Phyllirea latifolia, Rubia peregrina, Smilaxaspera, Viburnum tinus Arbutus unedo, Cyclamen repandum,Phyllirea latifolia, Rubia peregrina, Smilaxaspera, Viburnum tinus Arbutus unedo, Cyclamen repandum,Phyllirea latifolia, Rubia peregrina, Smilaxaspera, Viburnum tinus Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC., Pteridiumaquilinum (L.) Khun. Luzula forteri, Melica uniflora, Pteridiumaquilinum Luzula forsteri, Melica uniflora, Pteridiumaquilinum Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton, Hedera helixL., Ostrya carpinifolia Scop., Ruscusaculeatus L. Cyclamen hederifolium, Hedera helix,Ostrya carpinifolia, Ruscus aculeatus Galium laevigatum L., Luzula nivea (L.)Lam., Milium effusum L., Prenanthespurpurea L. Galium laevigatum, Luzula nivea, Miliumeffusum, Prenanthes purpurea s. Dominant tree species Quercus ilex L. Quercus ilex Quercus ilex Quercus ilex Castanea sativa Miller Castanea sativa Castanea sativa Abies alba Miller,Fagus sylvatica L. Abies alba Abies alba Abies alba,Fagus sylvatica manent plot Exposure N S NE N NNE NE W N N SSE NNE died per Slopeo() 5 5 15 10 5 30 5 15 2 3 15 u out the st Altitudem a.s.l.) 50 150 210 275 525 550 870 770 860 1115 1210 b ( a n nformatio Plotsurface 22000 m 22000 m 22000 m 22000 m 22000 m 22000 m 22000 m 2500 m 2800 m 2360 m 2900 m able 1. I Plot St. 1 St. 2 St. 3 St. 4 St. 5 St. 6 St. 7 St. 8 St. 9 St. 10 St. 11 T 146 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. Table 2. Synthesis of mycocoenological samplings done in the 11 studied permanent plots (GT – trophic group; M – mycorrhizal species; Sh – humicolous saprotrophes; Sl – saprotrophes on litter; Sw – saprotrophes on wood; Sc – saprotrophes on dung; P – parasites; Li – lichenized). GT Species St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8 St.9 St.10 St.11Group Sl Mycena galopus (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 4.3 4.4 2.3 3.2 4.4 3.3 1.1 6.6 3.3 3.1 2.1 Sl Mycena pura (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 4.3 3.6 1.3 2.3 3.2 1.1 2.3 7.6 6.6 3.4 4.5 Sh(M)Clavulina coralloides s.l. 2.1 2.2 1.2 3.1 1.2 2.3 2.2 6.6 5.5 6.4 7.5 M Russula fragilis (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 2.5 2.6 2.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 2.1 1.1 4.2 3.1 M Laccaria laccata s.l. 4.3 5.5 1.2 1.2 5.4 3.2 5.2 4.6 5.5 5.6 M Cortinarius duracinus Fr. 2.2 3.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 3.2 1.3 2.1 3.1 3.1 Sw Mycena vitilis (Fr.) Quél. 4.2 5.4 3.2 2.2 1.3 3.3 1.1 4.4 1.2 1.2 Sl Collybia butyracea (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 4.3 4.5 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 Sl Marasmius androsaceus (L.: Fr.) Fr. 2.1 5.1 1.1 4.2 1.1 4.3 3.2 1.1 5.5 Sl(Sw)Mycena leptocephala (Pers.: Fr.) Gillet 3.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.1 4.4 1.1 4.5 4.5 M Inocybe geophylla (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 3.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 2.3 4.6 3.4 5.6 2.1 M Cortinarius infractus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 3.3 3.3 2.4 1.3 1.4 2.2 5.6 3.1 M Cortinarius lividoochraceus (Berk.) Berk. 2.3 2.6 1.1 2.3 2.2 3.5 3.2 2.1 I Sl Clitocybe gibba (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 2.4 3.5 1.2 2.1 1.2 4.2 3.1 3.2 Sl Mycena rosea Gramberg 5.4 4.6 3.4 1.2 2.2 7.4 6.2 2.2 Sh Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.: Pers. 1.1 2.5 1.1 2.3 2.3 4.4 4.4 3.2 M Inocybe fuscidula Velen. 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 5.4 3.2 5.6 1.1 M Inocybe flocculosa (Berk.) Sacc. 2.1 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 3.1 1.1 5.2 Sw Mycena erubescens Höhn. 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.1 5.6 3.1 3.2 3.2 M Hygrophorus discoxanthus (Fr.) Rea 4.5 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.1 3.5 1.1 2.1 Sw Xylaria hypoxylon (L.: Fr.) Grev. 4.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 6.6 4.2 6.6 M Cantharellus tubaeformis Fr.: Fr. 3.3 1.1 3.5 3.5 4.2 3.2 6.1 Sl Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) 1.1 1.2 1.2 2.3 1.2 2.2 2.2 P. Kumm. M Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.2 1.4 1.2 3.2 2.1 2.1 3.3 M Boletus chrysentheron Bull. 2.3 1.1 1.1 2.5 1.1 M Cortinarius trivialis J. E. Lange 1.1 1.4 2.3 2.3 1.2 2.4 3.3 3.3 1.1 M Lactarius chrysorrheus Fr. 3.5 2.5 3.2 2.4 1.2 2.2 1.1 1.2 Sh(M?)Entoloma rhodopolium (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 2.3 2.1 1.1 3.2 1.2 2.2 3.1 f. nidorosum (Fr.) Noordel. M Tricholoma atrosquamosum (Chevall.) Sacc. 2.1 1.2 3.3 2.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 Sw(Sl)Hemimycena cucullata (Pers.: Fr.) Singer 2.1 3.2 4.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.2 M Russula luteotacta Rea 2.1 2.2 1.2 1.2 3.1 2.1 1.1 M Cortinarius calochrous (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 2.2 1.2 2.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 II M Amanita pantherina (DC.: Fr.) Krombh. 3.4 2.6 1.1 1.1 1.2 3.2 2.1 M Lactarius decipiens Quél. 2.4 2.4 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 3.1 Sl Collybia erythropus (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 2.4 1.1 1.1 3.1 2.1 2.2 M Cortinarius paleaceus Fr. 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 2.2 1.2 4.4 Sh Lyophyllum deliberatum (Britzelm.) Kreisel 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 2.2 1.1 1.2 M Cortinarius torvus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 1.1 5.1 2.1 M Cortinarius anomalus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.2 A. LAGANÀ ET AL: FUNGI OF MEDITERRANEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 147 Table 2. Continued. GT Species St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8 St.9 St.10 St.11Group M Tricholoma argyraceum (Bull.: Fr.) Sacc. 3.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Sl Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 4.2 1.1 3.2 1.1 2.2 3.1 Sh Leotia lubrica (Scop.: Fr.) Pers. 2.3 2.2 1.4 1.3 1.1 4.2 Sl(Sw)Mycena abramsii (Murrill) Murrill 2.2 1.1 1.1 3.2 2.2 Sl/Sw Mycena pelianthina (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. 4.4 1.2 1.1 3.4 1.2 Sw Pluteus plautus (Weinm.) Gillet 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Sl Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch: Fr.) P. Kumm. 2.1 2.2 1.1 4.2 II Sh(M?)Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.4 1.2 1.1 2.1 M Hydnum repandum L.: Fr. 1.1 1.2 3.1 3.5 3.4 2.3 2.3 M Cortinarius uraceus Fr. 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 3.2 4.1 M Tricholoma sulphureum (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.1 4.2 2.1 M Boletus ferrugineus Schaeff. 3.4 3.3 2.1 1.1 2.1 M Inocybe splendens R. Heim 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 2.1 Sh Hygrocybe virginea (Wulfen: Fr.) P. D. Orton 4.5 1.2 3.2 1.1 1.1 & Watling M Cortinarius rufoolivaceus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 M Russula delica Fr. 2.4 2.5 1.1 3.3 1.1 2.1 4.5 3.5 3.6 M Amanita rubescens Pers.: Fr. 4.5 2.6 1.4 2.2 3.4 3.3 2.2 2.1 M Russula cyanoxantha Schaeff.: Fr. 1.1 2.3 3.3 2.2 1.1 3.4 2.4 Sl Mycena metata (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.1 5.2 4.2 4.2 M Laccaria amethystina Cooke 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.4 2.3 4.3 6.5 M Russula chloroides (Krombh.) Bres. 3.2 3.1 1.1 3.2 5.2 Sh Entoloma juncinum (Kühner & Romagn.) Noordel. 2.1 1.1 3.1 2.1 M Inocybe rimosa (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 III Sh(M?)Entoloma rhodopolium (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 2.2 2.1 3.1 4.1 Sl Mycena epipterygia (Scop.: Fr.) Gray 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.3 4.3 3.4 6.6 Sw Crepidotus cesatii (Rabenh.) Sacc. 2.1 1.1 3.1 5.3 2.1 Sl Mycena pura (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. f. alba (Gillet) 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 Kühner Sw(P?)Xerula radicata (Relhan: Fr.) Dörfelt 2.1 1.1 3.5 2.1 3.5 Sl Mycena sepia J. E. Lange 1.1 1.1 4.5 3.2 M Cortinarius erythrinus (Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 5.1 4.2 M Amanita phalloides (Fr.: Fr.) Link 4.4 3.3 2.1 1.1 4.4 2.1 M Amanita citrina (Schaeff.) Pers. 2.4 4.5 1.2 1.4 1.1 M Russula foetens Pers.: Fr. 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 Sl Clitocybe phaeophthalma (Pers.) Kuyper 2.1 3.2 2.2 3.1 Sh Cystolepiota seminuda (Lasch) Bon 1.1 2.2 1.1 3.2 Sw Micromphale foetidum (J. Sowerby: Fr.) Singer 3.2 1.1 4.1 M Inocybe flavella P. Karst. 2.1 1.1 3.1 M Russula romellii Maire 1.1 1.1 1.1 M Craterellus cornucopioides (L.: Fr.) Pers. 2.2 5.5 3.1 4.2 3.2 5.1 Sh Macrolepiota procera (Scop.: Fr.) Singer 2.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 M Cantharellus cibarius Fr.: Fr. 3.5 3.4 2.3 1.3 4.2 (cont.) 148 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. Table 2. Continued. GT Species St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8 St.9 St.10 St.11Group M Russula melliolens Quél. 1.1 1.1 2.1 M Cortinarius cristallinus Fr. 1.2 1.1 3.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 Sw(P?)Xerula pudens (Pers.) Singer 2.2 1.3 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 Sh Rhodocybe nitellina (Fr.) Singer 2.1 5.4 5.4 1.1 Sw Mycena galericulata (Scop.: Fr.) Gray 2.2 1.2 3.1 2.3 1.1 1.1 M Cortinarius diosmus Kühner 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.1 Sw Marasmius rotula (Scop.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.2 4.2 4.2 M Hebeloma sinapizans (Fr.) Gillet 1.2 4.3 3.4 3.4 2.3 1.1 5.2 M Hydnum rufescens Fr.: Fr. 2.4 2.2 3.3 2.1 1.2 2.1 4.3 M Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker 2.2 3.4 3.3 2.1 4.4 4.3 M Russula risigallina (Batsch) Sacc. 2.4 2.2 1.2 1.3 3.5 2.4 M Amanita vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Lamoure 1.3 2.5 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 Sw Mycena polygramma (Bull.: Fr.) Gray 3.2 1.2 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 Sh Coprinus plicatilis (M. A. Curtis: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 M Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél. 2.3 1.1 2.1 1.2 1.2 3.1 M Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn. 1.2 3.3 2.3 3.4 2.4 3.3 M Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr. 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 Sl Hymenoscyphus fructigenus (Bull.: Fr.) Gray 4.2 3.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 Sl Lepista nuda (Fr.: Fr.) Cooke 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Sl Marasmius quercophilus Pouzar 2.1 4.2 1.1 4.2 4.2 Sl(Sw)Marasmius epiphyllus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 2.1 3.2 2.1 3.2 5.4 M Cortinarius decipiens (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 M Tricholoma ustale (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 Sh(M?)Entoloma sinuatum (Bull. ex Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 4.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.3 M Russula persicina Krombh. 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 IV Sw Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.: Fr.) Singer 4.2 3.1 3.1 1.1 Sh Ramaria decurrens (Pers.) R. H. Petersen 3.1 3.5 2.1 2.1 M Humaria hemisphaerica (Wigg.: Fr.) Fuckel 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Sw Sarcoscypha coccinea s. l. 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 M Russula decipiens (Singer) Svrcˇek 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 M Tricholoma album (Schaeff.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 3.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 M Phellodon niger (Fr.: Fr.) P. Karst. 4.3 4.3 4.2 2.1 M Cortinarius venetus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 M Inocybe tenebrosa Quél. 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 M Cortinarius anserinus (Velen.) Rob. Henry 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.1 M Russula densifolia Gillet 3.2 1.1 2.2 Sh Clavaria fragilis Holmsk.: Fr. 4.3 3.1 1.1 M Cortinarius cinnamomeus L.: Fr. var. cinnamofulvus 1.1 1.2 1.1 Rob. Henry M Cortinarius olidus J. E. Lange 1.1 1.1 1.2 M? Ramaria flava (Schaeff.: Fr.) Quél. 2.2 1.1 1.1 M Tricholoma sejunctum (J. Sowerby: Fr.) Quél. 3.3 3.2 1.2 A. LAGANÀ ET AL: FUNGI OF MEDITERRANEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 149 Table 2. Continued. GT Species St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8 St.9 St.10 St.11Group M Russula rosea Pers. 1.1 1.2 1.4 4.3 1.1 Sl Mycena olivaceomarginata (Massee) Massee 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 M Russula vesca Fr. 2.5 2.5 1.2 1.2 Sl Flammulaster carpophilus (Fr.) Earle 3.3 2.2 1.1 2.1 M Boletus luridus Schaeff.: Fr. 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 Sw Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff.: Pers. 2.4 2.2 2.2 4.2 Sh(M?)Entoloma sericatum (Britzelm.) Sacc. 1.1 2.1 3.2 2.1 M Cantharellus cinereus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 4.2 2.1 2.1 3.1 Sh Entoloma hirtipes (Schumach.: Fr.) M. M. Moser 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 Sh Hygrocybe obrussea (Fr.: Fr.) Wünsche 1.1 2.3 1.1 Sh Macrolepiota mastoidea (Fr.: Fr.) Singer 1.1 1.2 1.1 M Boletus aereus Bull.: Fr. 1.1 1.2 1.1 Sh Hygrocybe pratensis (Pers.: Fr.) Murrill 1.1 3.3 1.1 M Russula alutacea (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 1.1 M Inocybe asterospora Quél. 1.1 2.4 1.2 M Inocybe obscurobadia (J. Favre) Grund 2.1 2.2 1.1 & D. E. Stuntz M?(Sh)Otidea alutacea (Pers.) Massee 2.1 3.1 1.1 M Cortinarius safranopes Rob. Henry 4.1 1.2 1.1 Sw Mycena maculata P. Karst. 2.2 1.1 3.1 M Pseudocraterellus undulatus (Pers.: Fr.) Rauschert 3.3 1.1 1.1 M? Ramaria formosa (Pers.: Fr.) Quél. 1.1 1.1 4.2 Sw Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 2.1 1.2 2.1 Sh Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.2 1.2 1.1 M Cortinarius castaneus Fr. 2.1 2.1 2.1 M Russula minutula Velen. 1.1 1.1 Sh Clavulinopsis laeticolor (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) 3.2 1.1 R. H. Petersen M Lactarius azonites (Bull.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 M Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.: Pers.) Pers. 2.1 1.1 Sh Conocybe brunnea Watling 1.1 1.1 M Amanita spissa (Fr.) P. Kumm var. excelsa (Fr.: Fr.) 1.1 1.1 Dörfelt & I. L. Roth M Boletus calopus Pers.: Fr. 1.1 1.1 M? Ramaria botrytis (Pers.: Fr.) Ricken 1.1 2.1 M Lactarius violascens (J. Otto: Fr.) Fr. 1.2 1.1 P Omphalotus olearius (DC.: Fr.) Fayod 1.2 1.3 M?(Sh)Otidea cochleata (L.: Fr.) Fuckel 1.1 2.1 M Tricholoma bresadolanum Clemençon 3.3 1.2 M Boletus rhodoxanthus (Krombh.) Kallenb. 2.2 1.1 M Tricholoma acerbum (Bull.: Fr.) Quél. 3.2 1.2 2.2 1.3 2.2 M Hebeloma hiemale Bres. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 M Cortinarius acutus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 3.2 2.2 1.1 1.2 (cont.) 150 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. Table 2. Continued. GT Species St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8 St.9 St.10 St.11Group M Cortinarius aprinus Melot 1.1 2.2 1.1 Sw(Sl)Tubaria furfuracea (Pers.: Fr.) Gillet 2.1 1.1 1.1 Sh Lyophyllum paelochroum Clemençon 1.1 1.2 1.1 M Cortinarius hinnuleus Fr. 1.1 1.1 2.2 M Tricholoma scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél. 2.3 2.3 1.1 M Lactarius zonarius (Bull.) Fr. f. scrobipes (Kühner 1.1 2.2 3.1 & Romagn.) Quadr. M Cortinarius obtusus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 2.3 1.2 1.4 M Inocybe cincinnata (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. 2.2 1.1 1.1 M Russula aurea Pers. 1.1 1.1 1.2 M Inocybe glabripes Ricken 1.1 1.1 1.1 M Cortinarius coerulescens (Schaeff.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 Sh Entoloma incanum (Fr.: Fr.) Hesler 1.2 1.1 M Hygrophorus lindtneri M. M. Moser 2.1 1.1 M Scleroderma areolatum Ehremb. 2.2 1.1 M Tricholoma myomyces (Pers.: Fr.) J. E. Lange 2.1 1.1 M Boletus subtomentosus L.: Fr. 1.1 1.1 M Inocybe splendens R. Heim. var. phaeoleuca 1.1 1.1 (Kühner) Kuyper Sw Tremella foliacea Pers.: Fr. 1.1 1.1 Sh Lyophyllum transforme (Britzelm.) Singer 1.2 1.1 M Inocybe cincinnata (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. var. major 1.1 1.1 (S. Petersen) Kuyper Sh Entoloma nitens (Velen.) Noordel. 1.1 1.1 Sw Tremella mesenterica Retz.: Fr. 1.5 2.5 1.1 1.2 2.1 1.1 Sl Mycena flavoalba (Fr.) Quél. 1.1 1.1 5.5 6.4 2.4 3.3 Sh Lepiota castanea Quél. 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 2.1 M Tricholoma squarrulosum Bres. 2.2 3.3 2.2 2.1 1.1 Sw Mycena haematopus (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 2.1 1.2 3.1 4.4 4.1 M Inocybe geophylla (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 3.5 1.1 4.6 2.1 var. lilacina (Peck) Gillet Sl Clitocybe trullaeformis (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. 1.1 3.3 5.4 2.3 3.3 Sl Mycena stylobates (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 3.2 3.1 4.2 2.1 M Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. 1.1 1.2 1.1 2.1 P(Sw) Armillaria mellea s.l. 2.3 4.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 6.4 Sw Hemimycena cephalotricha (Joss.) Singer 4.1 4.1 6.1 1.1 M Russula olivacea (Schaeff.) Pers. 1.2 2.1 1.1 2.1 Sh Lycoperdon atropurpureum Vittad. 1.2 2.1 2.1 3.1 M Cortinarius dionysae Rob. Henry 2.1 2.3 4.3 4.5 Sw(Sl)Mycena arcangeliana Bres. 1.2 4.1 1.1 Sh Chamaemyces fracidus (Fr.) Donk 1.1 1.1 1.1 Sl Marasmius alliaceus (Jacq.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 2.1 2.4 M Inocybe mixtilis (Britzelm.) Sacc. 1.1 1.1 1.1 A. LAGANÀ ET AL: FUNGI OF MEDITERRANEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 151 Table 2. Continued. GT Species St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8 St.9 St.10 St.11Group Sh Sarcosphaera crassa (Santi ex Steud.) Pouzar 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 M Cortinarius bulliardi (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 2.1 1.1 2.1 Sl Collybia peronata (Bolton: Fr.) P. Kumm. 3.3 1.1 3.1 M Cortinarius flexipes (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 4.4 2.2 M Inocybe cervicolor (Pers.) Quél. 1.1 1.1 6.4 Sw Bisporella citrina (Batsch: Fr.) Korf & Carpenter 3.1 7.2 5.1 M Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertillon 2.3 3.2 Sh Clavulinopsis corniculata (Schaeff.: Fr.) Corner 3.1 2.1 M Inocybe furfurea Kühner 1.1 4.1 M Lactarius pterosporus Romagn. 1.1 1.1 Sw Mycena acicula (Schaeff.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 3.2 M Russula violeipes Quél. 2.2 1.1 M Inocybe sindonia (Fr.) P. Karst. 1.1 3.1 Sh Lycoperdon echinatum Pers.: Pers. 1.1 1.1 Sl Mutinus caninus (Huds.: Pers.) Fr. 1.1 1.2 1.1 M Russula amoenicolor Romagn. 2.2 2.1 1.1 Sw Panellus violaceofulvus (Batch: Fr.) Singer 1.1 5.2 5.4 V Sw Gerronema strombodes (Berk. & Mont.) Singer 1.1 1.1 3.3 Sl Mycena citrinomarginata Gillet 2.1 1.1 Sw Coprinus micaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. 2.2 6.2 M Inocybe griseolilacina J. E. Lange 1.1 2.1 1.1 M Cortinarius dibaphus Fr. var. nemorosus 1.1 2.1 (Rob. Henry) Rob. Henry Sh Entoloma serrulatum (Fr.: Fr.) Hesler 1.1 3.1 Sh Conocybe tenera (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fayod 1.1 2.1 M Cortinarius aleuriosmus Maire 1.1 2.1 M Cortinarius auroturbinatus (Secr.) J. E. Lange 1.1 1.1 M Hygrophorus persoonii Arnolds var. fuscovinosus 1.1 1.3 1.1 2.2 (Bon) Bon M Hygrophorus russula (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. 3.2 3.4 3.4 5.4 M Leccinum lepidum (Bouchet ex Essette) Quadr. 2.4 1.5 1.2 1.3 Sw Mycena meliigena (Berk. & Cooke) Sacc. 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.1 M Russula vinosobrunnea (Bres.) Romagn. 1.2 2.1 1.1 1.1 Sh Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 3.3 1.1 f. pseudoconica (J. E. Lange) Arnolds M Lactarius zonarius (Bull.) Fr. 1.1 1.2 1.1 VI Sh Hygrocybe acutoconica (Clemençon) Singer 1.1 1.2 1.1 Sl Lepista flaccida (J. Sowerby: Fr.) Pat. 3.4 2.3 1.1 Sh Leucopaxillus amarus (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Kühner 5.4 4.2 4.4 M Russula acrifolia Romagn. 1.1 2.1 1.1 M Russula maculata Quél. 2.4 4.2 1.2 M Aureoboletus gentilis (Quél.) Pouzar 1.2 1.2 1.1 Sh(Sw)Hohenbuehelia petalodes (Bull.: Fr.) Schulzer 1.2 1.1 1.1 (cont.) 152 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. Table 2. Continued. GT Species St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8 St.9 St.10 St.11Group M Cortinarius sodagnitus Rob. Henry 2.1 2.2 1.1 Sw Hydropus scabripes (Murrill) Singer 1.1 1.1 2.1 M Russula heterophylla (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 2.1 M Cortinarius salor Fr. 2.1 3.2 Sw Mycena algeriensis Maire 1.1 1.1 M Boletus satanas Lenz 1.1 1.1 M Cortinarius alborufescens Imler 1.1 1.1 M Cortinarius multiformis Fr. 2.2 2.2 Sh Entoloma mougeotii (Fr.) Hesler 1.1 1.2 Sh Entoloma undatum (Gillet) M. M. Moser 1.1 1.1 VI M Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 1.1 M Hygrophorus nemoreus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 2.2 1.1 M Inocybe bongardii (Weinm.) Quél. 1.1 1.1 M Lactarius atlanticus Bon 2.4 1.1 Sl(Sw)Mycena rorida (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. 2.1 4.2 M Russula grisea Fr. 1.1 2.1 M Amanita franchetii (Boud.) Fayod 1.1 1.1 Sh(P?)Collybia racemosa (Pers.: Fr.) Quél. 2.1 1.1 M Sarcodon cyrneus Maas Geest. 1.2 3.2 P Hirneola auricula-judae (Bull.: Fr.) Berk. 1.1 1.1 M Tricholoma equestre (L.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 1.1 Sl Rickenella fibula (Bull.: Fr.) Raithelh. 3.5 3.3 2.1 3.2 3.1 M Russula nigricans Fr. 1.2 1.2 6.5 4.1 M Lactarius vellereus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 2.2 3.1 1.1 2.1 Sl Marasmius bulliardii Quél. 1.1 5.2 3.1 4.3 Sl(Sw)Mycena filopes (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm. 1.1 1.1 3.1 3.2 Sw Hymenoscyphus serotinus (Pers.: Fr.) W. Phillips 3.1 5.3 4.1 6.4 M Russula laurocerasi Melzer var. fragrans 1.1 1.1 1.2 (Romagn.) Kuyper & Vuure Sl Marasmius cohaerens (Pers.: Fr.) Cooke & Quél. 1.1 1.1 1.1 M Lactarius subdulcis (Bull.: Fr.) Gray 1.1 3.2 2.2 Sw Psilocybe fascicularis (Huds.: Fr.) Noordel. 1.1 3.1 6.2 M Inocybe petiginosa (Fr.: Fr.) Gillet 1.1 1.1 2.1 Sh Mycena flavescens Velen. 1.1 6.2 4.1 Sl(Sw)Marasmius torquescens Quél. 1.1 3.1 2.1 Sw Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 2.1 Sh Helvella crispa (Scop.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 4.4 M Cortinarius cinnamomeus (L.: Fr.) Fr. 1.1 3.2 Sw/Sl Mycena xantholeuca Kühner 2.1 2.2 M Lactarius subumbonatus Lindgr. 1.1 1.1 Sh Helvella elastica Bull.: Fr. 1.1 3.2 Sw Galerina badipes (Fr.) Kühner 1.1 2.1