Fungal Wilt Diseases of Plants Kenneth F. Baker Paul E. Nelson Carl H. Beckman G. F. Pegg Alois A. Bell John E. Puhalla D. C. Erwin W. C. Schnathorst Robert W. Goth Lawrence R. Schreiber R. J. Green, Jr. Shirley Nash Smith Robert Hall William C. Snyder D. F. Hindal P. W. Talboys W. L. MacDonald Alden M. Townsend Marshall E. Mace Raymond E. Webb William MacHardy Stephen Wilhelm Fungal Wilt Diseases of Plants EDITED BY Marshall E. Mace, Alois A. Bell National Cotton Pathology Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture College Station, Texas Carl H. Beckman Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island 1981 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT © 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Fungal wilt diseases of plants. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Fungous diseases of plants. 2. Wilt diseases. I. Mace, Marshall Ε. II. Bell, Alois A. III. Beckman, Carl H. SB733.F86 632'.4 80-27537 ISBN 0-12-464450-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 81 82 83 84 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Contributors xi Preface xiii Chapter 1 An Overview R. J. GREEN, JR. I. Introduction 1 II. Causal Agents 3 III. Disease Syndrome 5 IV. Vascular Colonization 8 V. Wilting Phenomenon 9 VI. Dissemination and Survival 13 VII. Disease Complexes—Nematodes and Wilt Fungi 17 References 20 Chapter 2 Current Status WILLIAM C. SNYDER AND SHIRLEY NASH SMITH I. Introduction 25 II. Verticillium Wilts 27 III. Fusarium Wilts 29 IV. Vascular Wilts Caused by Fungi That Are Not Usually Soil-Borne 45 V. Conclusions 47 References 48 ν vi CONTENTS Chapter 3 Life Cycle and Epidemiology of Fusarium oxysporum PAUL E. NELSON I. Introduction 51 II. The Fungus 52 III. The Disease 64 IV. Summary 77 References 78 Chapter 4 Life Cycle and Epidemiology of Verticillium W. C. SCHNATHORST I. Introduction 81 II. Life Cycles 82 III. Epidemiology 91 IV. Conclusions 107 References 108 Chapter 5 Life Cycle and Epidemiology of Ceratocystis W. L. MacDONALD AND D. F. HINDAL I. Introduction 113 II. Ceratocystis ulmi 114 III. Ceratocystis fagacearum 128 IV. Epilogue 139 References 140 Chapter 6 Genetics and Biochemistry of Wilt Pathogens JOHN E. PUHALLA AND ALOIS A. BELL I. Growth Requirements 146 II. Metabolism 149 III. Morphogenesis 161 IV. Variation among Wilt Fungi 167 V. Genetic Analysis of Wilt Fungi 172 VI. Genetics and Biochemistry as Tools for Wilt Pathogen Research 182 References 184 CONTENTS vii Chapter 7 Biochemistry and Physiology of Pathogenesis G. F. PEGG I. Introduction 193 II. Colonization of the Xylem Vessels 196 III. Induction of Symptoms 198 IV. Altered Growth Substance Metabolism in Vascular Wilt-Infected Plants 222 V. Respiratory Changes in Diseased Plants 233 VI. Photosynthesis 235 VII. Effect of Photoperiod on Symptom Development 236 VIII. Altered Phenol Metabolism 239 IX. Conclusions 245 References 246 Chapter 8 Water Relations ROBERT HALL AND WILLIAM E. MacHARDY I. Introduction 255 II. Water Relations in the Healthy Plant 256 III. Water Relations in Hadromycoses 266 IV. Discussion 292 References 297 Chapter 9 Sources and Genetics of Host Resistance in Field and Fruit Crops STEPHEN WILHELM I. General Considerations 300 II. Field Crops 304 III. Fruit Crops 344 IV. Prospects 368 References 369 Chapter 10 Sources and Genetics of Host Resistance in Vegetable Crops ROBERT W. GOTH AND RAYMOND E. WEBB I. Introduction 377 II. Genetics of Fungal Wilt Resistance of Some Vegetables 378 III. Conclusions 400 IV. Summary Table 402 References 409 viii CONTENTS Chapter 11 Sources and Genetics of Host Resistance in Shade Trees LAWRENCE R. SCHREIBER AND ALDEN M. TOWNSEND I. Introduction 413 II. Breeding and Selection of Trees for Disease Resistance 414 III. Resistance to Specific Diseases 416 IV. Conclusions 427 References 428 Chapter 12 Biochemistry and Physiology of Resistance ALOIS A. BELL AND MARSHALL E. MACE I. Introduction 431 II. Physiology of Induced Changes of Resistance 438 III. Environmental Determinants of Resistance 444 IV. Mechanisms of Resistance to Fungal Growth 449 V. Mechanisms of Resistance to Fungal Phytotoxins 469 VI. Conclusions 475 References 477 Chapter 13 Anatomy of Resistance CARL H. BECKMAN AND P. W. TALBOYS I. A Brief History 487 II. Resistance in Extravascular Root Tissues 488 III. Resistance within the Vascular System 499 IV. Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy in Resistance 516 V. Genetic Control of Resistance Mechanisms 517 References 518 Chapter 14 Biological Control KENNETH F. BAKER I. Biological Balance 524 II. Biological Control 525 III. Relevant Features of Pathogenic Fungi 532 IV. Biological Control prior to Infection: Suppressive Soils 540 CONTENTS ÎX V. Biological Control after Infection 549 VI. Some Supplemental Practices in Biological Control 552 VII. Epilogue 556 References 557 Chapter 15 Chemical Control D. C. ERWIN I. Introduction 563 II. Preventive Control with General Biocides 567 III. Therapeutic Control with Systemic Chemicals 572 IV. Diseases Controlled with Fungicides 579 V. Discussion 593 References 594 Chapter 16 Reflections MARSHALL E. MACE, ALOIS BELL, AND CARL H. BECKMAN I. Introduction 601 II. Utility of Basic Studies of Disease 601 III. Genetics and Host-Parasite Relationships 603 IV. Reduction and Synthesis 604 References 607 Index 609