Funerary
Ritual
and
Urban
Development
in
Archaic
Central
Italy
 
 
 By
 
 Jennifer
Marilyn
Evans
 
 
 A
dissertation
submitted
in
partial
satisfaction
of
the

 
 requirements
for
the
degree
of
 
 Doctor
of
Philosophy
 
 in
 
 Classical
Archaeology
 
 in
the
 
 Graduate
Division
 
 of
the
 
 University
of
California,
Berkeley
 
 
 
 
 Committee
in
charge:
 
 Professor
J.
Theodore
Peña,
Chair
 Professor
Christopher
Hallett
 Professor
Dylan
Sailor
 Professor
Nicola
Terrenato
 Professor
Carlos
Noreña
 
 
 Spring
2014 Copyright
2014,
Jennifer
Marilyn
Evans Abstract
 
 Funerary
Ritual
and
Urban
Development
in
Archaic
Central
Italy
 
 by
 
 Jennifer
Marilyn
Evans
 
 Doctor
of
Philosophy
in
Classical
Archaeology
 
 University
of
California,
Berkeley
 
 Professor
J.
Theodore
Peña,
Chair
 
 This
dissertation
examines
the
evidence
for
burial
in
archaic
Rome
and
Latium
with
a
view
 to
understanding
the
nature
of
urban
development
in
the
region.
In
particular,
I
focus
on
 identifying
those
social
and
political
institutions
that
governed
relations
between
city‐ states
at
a
time
when
Rome
was
becoming
the
most
influential
urban
center
in
the
area.
I
 examine
the
evidence
for
burial
gathered
primarily
from
the
past
four
decades
or
so
of
 archaeological
excavation
in
order
to
present
first,
a
systematic
account
of
the
data
and
 second,
an
analysis
of
these
materials.
I
reveal
that
a
high
degree
of
variation
was
observed
 in
funerary
ritual
across
sites,
and
suggest
that
this
points
to
a
complex
system
of
regional
 networks
that
allowed
for
the
widespread
travel
of
people
and
ideas.
I
view
this
as
 evidence
for
the
openness
of
archaic
societies
in
Latium,
whereby
people
and
groups
seem
 to
have
moved
across
regions
with
what
seems
to
have
been
a
fair
degree
of
mobility.
I
 connect
the
variety
in
tomb
construction
to
the
more
widespread
phenomenon
of
 monumentalization,
which
encouraged
the
construction
in
stone
of
residences,
temples
and
 public
buildings
across
the
region.
I
consider
the
individuals
and
groups
responsible
for
 these
types
of
construction,
and
how
they
contributed
to
the
development
of
and
 interaction
between
city‐states.

 
 I
begin
with
an
assessment
of
the
historical
reliability
of
the
ancient
sources
concerning
 early
Rome,
since
they
were
written
centuries
later
than
the
time
in
question,
yet
comment
 on
some
of
the
features
in
the
archaeological
record.
I
go
on
to
consider
the
literary
 evidence
for
funerary
ritual
in
early
Rome,
in
order
to
determine
what
the
ancient
sources
 have
to
say
about
the
customs
of
their
ancestors
and
what
significance
this
has
for
the
 archaeological
evidence.
Then,
I
consider
the
documentary
evidence
for
funerary
ritual,
 which
comes
from
the
legislation
of
the
Twelve
Tables.
The
prohibitions
preserved
here,
if
 they
represent
a
valid
document,
illustrate
the
concerns
of
lawmakers
with
regard
to
 funerary
activity
in
and
around
the
city
of
Rome.
In
the
following
section
I
present
the
 archaeological
evidence
for
burial,
and
provide
a
detailed
summary
of
archaic
burials
 according
to
site,
and
offer
a
brief
description
of
each
settlement
in
order
to
better
 contextualize
the
data.
I
conclude
this
section
with
an
interpretation
of
the
evidence.
 Finally,
I
concentrate
on
the
archaeological
evidence
from
archaic
Gabii,
which
results
from
 my
own
participation
on
the
excavation
of
the
site.
The
results
of
these
excavations
allow
 for
the
study
of
the
intersection
between
the
urban
area,
burial
and
landownership. 
 1 To
Robert
B.
Caruthers
 
 i Table
of
Contents
 
 Chronology
of
Latial
Culture
and
the
Archaic
Period
 
 
 
 










iv
 
 List
of
Abbreviations

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










v
 
 List
of
Figures
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










vi‐xiii
 
 Acknowledgements
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










xiv
 
 1.
Introduction
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










1‐4
 
 2.
The
Ancient
Historiographical
Sources
for
Early
Roman
History
 
 










5‐29
 
 2a.
Introduction
 
 2b.
The
Annalistic
Tradition
 
 2c.
The
Antiquarian
Tradition
 
 2d.
The
Narrative
Tradition
 
 2e.
The
Ancient
Documentary
Sources
 
 2f.
The
Oral
Tradition
 
 2g.
Landmarks,
Monuments
and
Toponyms

 
 2h.
Modern
Scholarship
Regarding
the
Historiographic
Tradition
 
 2i.
Conclusion
 
 3.
The
Literary
Evidence
for
Roman
Funerary
Rituals
and
Burial
Practices
 











30‐50
 
 3a.
Introduction
 
 3b.
Cremation
and
Inhumation
 
 3c.
Infant
Burial
 
 3d.
Burial
in
the
Home
 
 3e.
Nocturnal
Burial
 
 3f.
Polybius
 
 3g.
Conclusion
 
 4.
The
Documentary
Evidence
for
Roman
Funerary
Ritual:
the
Twelve
Tables












51‐75
 
 4a.
Introduction
 
 4b.
Transmission
and
Reconstruction
of
the
Twelve
Tables
 
 4c.
The
Tenth
Table
 
 4d.
Conclusion
 
 5.
The
Archaeological
Evidence
for
Archaic
Burial
in
Latium
Vetus
 
 











76‐140
 
 5a.
Introduction
 
 5b.
Previous
Scholarship
 
 5c.
Types
of
Burial
 
 5d.
Funerary
Rite
 
 5e.
Archaeological
Sites
 
 5f.
Discussion
 
 5g.
Conclusion
 
 ii 6.
Burial
and
Urban
Development
in
Archaic
Gabii
 
 
 
 









141‐196
 
 6a.
Introduction
 
 6b.
The
Ancient
Sources
for
Archaic
Gabii
 
 6c.
History
of
Excavation
 
 6d.
Topography
and
Development
of
the
Site
 
 6e.
The
Gabii
Project
 
 6f.
The
Gabii
Project
‐
Area
D
 
 6g.
Chronology
 
 6h.
Features
of
Area
D:
The
Archaic
Building
 
 6i.
Features
of
Area
D:
The
Burials
 
 6j.
Conclusion
 
 7.
Conclusion

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









197‐199
 
 Figures
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









200‐267
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









268‐295
 
 Appendix
A:
Area
D
Harris
Matrix
2011
and
2012

 
 
 
 









296
 
 
 
 
 Appendix
B:
Area
D
Burials

 
 
 
 
 
 
 









297‐299
 
 iii Chronology
of
Latial
Culture
and
the
Archaic
Period1
 
 Pre‐urban
 
 Latial
Phase
I

 c.1000‐900

 
 Final
Bronze
Age
(Protovillanovan)
 Latial
Phase
IIA
 c.
900‐830

 
 Early
Iron
Age
(Villanovan)
 
 Proto‐urban
 
 Latial
Phase
IIB
 c.
830‐770

 
 
 "
 Latial
Phase
IIIA
 c.
770‐740

 
 
 "
 Latial
Phase
IIIB
 c.
740‐730/20

 
 "
 Latial
Phase
IVA
 c.
730/20‐640/30

 Early
and
Middle
Orientalizing
 
 Latial
Phase
IVB
 c.
640/30‐580

 Late
Orientalizing
 
 Urban
 
 Archaic

 
 c.
580‐480/50

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 























































 1
These
dates
are
based
on
Ampolo
et
al.
(1980)
and
are
the
most
widely‐used
in
 scholarship
concerning
Bronze
and
Iron
Age
Latium.
I
have
adopted
this
chronology
for
my
 dissertation.
However,
Bietti
Sestieri
and
De
Santis
(2006),
on
the
basis
of
radiocarbon
 dates
recovered
from
funerary
and
settlement
contexts,
suggest
raising
the
conventional
 chronology
by
about
50
to
100
years.
The
evidence
is
compelling,
but
may
require
further
 review
before
gaining
wide
acceptance.
All
dates
are
B.C.E.
unless
otherwise
stated.
 
 iv List
of
Abbreviations
 
 
 AJP
 
 American
Journal
of
Philology
 AL
 
 Archeologia
Laziale
 ADRA
 
 Atlante
di
Roma
Antica
 BullCom
 Bullettino
della
Commissione
archeologica
Comunale
di
Roma
 CLP
 
 Civiltà
del
Lazio
primitivo
 CVA
 
 Corpus
Vasorum
Antiquorum
 GRT
 
 La
grande
Roma
dei
Tarquini
 HSCP
 
 Harvard
Studies
in
Classical
Philology
 ICr
 
 Inscriptiones
creticae
 
 
 IG
 
 Inscriptiones
graecae
 JHS
 
 Journal
of
Hellenic
Studies
 LTUR
 
 Lexicon
topographicum
urbis
romae
 LTURS

 Lexicon
topographicum
urbis
romae
suburbium
 LTUR
Suppl.
 Lexicon
topographicum
urbis
romae
supplementum
 NSc
 
 Notizie
degli
scavi
di
antichità.
Atti
dell'
Accademia
Nazionale
dei

 
 
 
 Lincei
 NTDAR

 A
New
Topographical
Dictionary
of
Ancient
Rome
 OpRom
 Opuscula
Romana
 PP
 
 La
parola
del
passato
 RendPontAcc
 Atti
della
Pontificia
Accademia
romana
di
archeologia
 RM
Ergh
 Mitteilungen
des
Deutschen
Archaeologischen
Instituts,
Roemische

 
 
 
 Abteiling.
Ergänzungsheft
 Roselle

 Gli
scavi
e
la
mostra.
Soprintendenza
per
i
Beni
Archeologici
della
Toscana.
 SE
 
 Studi
Etruschi
 TLE
 
 Testimonia
linguae
etruscae 
 v List
of
Figures
 
 Chapter
1

 
 
 Figure
1.1
Map
of
ancient
Latium,
showing
major
sites.
After
Smith
1996,
240,
map
1.
 
 
 Chapter
5
The
Archaeological
Evidence
for
Archaic
Burial
in
Latium
Vetus
 
 
 Figure
5.1
Plan
of
Rome
showing
hills
and
location
of
early
cemeteries.
Lanciani's
 
 excavations
are
indicated
just
north
of
the
Velia.
After
Holloway
1994,
24,
fig.
2.1.
 
 Figure
5.2
Plan
of
the
Esquiline
necropolis
according
to
Pinza.
After
BullCom
1914,
pl.
V‐VI.
 
 Figure
5.3
Attic
Red
Figure
pelike
from
tomb
89
on
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna
 
 1977,
140,
fig.
3/A.
 
 Figure
5.4
Attic
Red
Figure
pelike
from
tomb
89
on
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna
 
 1977,
141,
fig.
3/B.
 
 Figure
5.5
Container
of
peperino
of
tomb
193
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna
 
 1977,
142,
fig.
4.
 
 Figure
5.6
Container
of
peperino
of
tomb
193
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Holloway
 
 1994,
26,
fig.
2.4.
 
 Figure
5.7
Marble
urn
of
tomb
193
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna
1977,
143,
 
 fig.
5/A.
 
 Figure
5.8
Marble
urn
of
tomb
193
of
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Holloway
1994,
26,
fig.
 
 2.3
.
 
 Figure
5.9
Drawing
of
urn,
probably
from
tomb
5
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
 
 Colonna
1977,
148,
fig.
7.
 
 Figure
5.10
Urn,
probably
from
tomb
5
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
MonAnt
1905,
 
 186,
fig.
78.
 
 Figure
5.11
Urn
from
unknown
tomb
as
drawn
by
Lanciani.
After
BullCom
1912,
38,
fig.
13.
 
 Figure
5.12
Plan
showing
location
of
early
cemeteries
near
the
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
 
 Triangles
indicate
the
tombs
excavated
by
Pinza;
the
black
rectangles
are
the
tombs
 
 excavated
by
Asor
et
al.
2009;
the
grey
rectangles
are
the
tombs
excavated
by
Colini
 
 1932.
After
Asor
Rosa
et
al.
2009,
76,
fig.
11.
 
 vi Figure
5.13
General
plan
of
excavation
in
2002
in
the
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
After
 
 Barbera
et
al.
2005,
303,
fig.
38.
 
 Figure
5.14
General
plan
of
excavation
in
2002
in
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
After
Barbera
 
 et
al.
2005,
307,
fig.
41.
 
 Figure
5.15
Amphora
from
tomb
3
in
2002
excavations
in
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
After
 
 Barbera
et
al.
2005,
310,
fig.
46.
 
 Figure
5.16
Grave
goods
from
tomb
12
in
2002
excavations
in
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
 
 After
Barbera
et
al.
2005,
315,
fig.
59.
 
 Figure
5.17
Sarcophagus
of
tuff,
tomb
12
from
2002
excavations
in
Piazza
Vittorio
 
 Emanuele
II.
After
Barbera
et
al.
2005,
315,
fig.
57.
 
 Figure
5.18
General
plan
of
the
excavation
between
the
Viale
del
Monte
Oppio
and
the
Via
 
 delle
Terme
di
Traiano,
Rome.
After
Coarelli
2001
11,
fig.
4.
 
 Figure
5.19
Suggrundarium
E
from
Via
Sacra,
Rome.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
147,
fig.
141.
 
 Figure
5.20
Suggrundarium
F
from
Via
Sacra.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
147,
fig.
142.
 
 Figure
5.21
Suggrundarium
LL
from
Via
Sacra.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
148,
fig.
143.
 
 Figure
5.22
Suggrundarium
NN
from
Via
Sacra.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
148,
fig.
144.
 
 Figure
5.23
Figure
5.23
Map
of
Rome
indicating
the
location
of
the
excavation
on
the
Via
 
 Goito.
After
Menghi
et
al.
2005,
352,
fig.
97.
 
 Figure
5.24
Sarcophagi
from
Via
Goito,
Rome.
After
Menghi
et
al.
2005,
356,
fig.
106.

 
 Figure
5.25
Map
showing
location
of
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,
29,
fig.
 
 1.
 
 Figure
5.26
Plan
of
building
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1981b,
255,
fig.
4.
 
 Figure
5.27
Plan
of
chamber
tomb
3
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,
32,
fig.
 
 10.
 
 Figure
5.28
Plan
of
chamber
tomb
4
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,
36,
fig.
 
 11.

 
 Figure
5.29
Plan
of
chamber
tombs
1
and
2
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,
 
 30,
fig.
2.
 
 
 vii