YasuhiroKoike FundamentalsofPlasticOpticalFibers RelatedTitles Schnabel,W. Schnabel,W. PolymersandElectromagnetic PolymersandLight Radiation FundamentalsandTechnical Applications FundamentalsandPracticalApplications 2007 2014 ISBN:978-3-527-31866-7 ISBN:978-3-527-33607-4 Alsoavailableindigitalformats Alsoavailableindigitalformats Steinbüchel,A.(ed.) Nicolais,L.,Carotenuto,G.(eds.) Biopolymers Nanocomposites InSituSynthesisofPolymer-Embedded 10Volumes+Index Nanostructures 2003 2014 ISBN:978-3-527-30290-1 ISBN:978-0-470-10952-6 Iizuka,K. Reed,G.T.(ed.) ElementsofPhotonics, SiliconPhotonics-TheStateof 2-VolumeSet theArt 2002 2008 ISBN:978-0-471-41115-4 ISBN:978-0-470-99453-5 Saleh,B.E.,Teich,M.C. Hadziioannou,G.,Malliaras,G.G.(eds.) FundamentalsofPhotonics SemiconductingPolymers 1991 Chemistry,PhysicsandEngineering ISBN:978-0-471-83965-1 SecondEdition 2007 ISBN:978-3-527-31271-9 YasuhiroKoike Fundamentals of Plastic Optical Fibers TheAuthor AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors, YasuhiroKoike editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe Professor,KeioUniversity informationcontainedinthesebooks, Director,KeioPhotonicsResearch includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors. Institute Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat Yokohama,Japan statements,data,illustrations,procedural detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertently beinaccurate. Cover LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor Thepicturerepresentshowlightprop- agatesthroughgradedindexPOFs.The incidentlightdrawsasinecurvebecause BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication GIPOFshaveparabolicrefractiveindex Data profilesinthecoreregions. Acataloguerecordforthisbookis availablefromtheBritishLibrary. Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe DeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothek liststhispublicationintheDeutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographicdataareavailableonthe Internetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de. ©2015Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co. KGaA,Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim, Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopart ofthisbookmaybereproducedinany form–byphotoprinting,microfilm, oranyothermeans–nortransmitted ortranslatedintoamachinelanguage withoutwrittenpermissionfromthe publishers.Registerednames,trademarks, etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennot specificallymarkedassuch,arenottobe consideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN:978-3-527-41006-4 ePDFISBN:978-3-527-64653-1 ePubISBN:978-3-527-64652-4 MobiISBN:978-3-527-64651-7 oBookISBN:978-3-527-64650-0 Cover-Design Adam-Design,Weinheim, Germany Typesetting LaserwordsPrivateLimited, Chennai,India PrintingandBinding MarkonoPrint MediaPteLtd.,Singapore Printedonacid-freepaper V Contents Preface IX Acknowledgments XIII 1 Introduction:Faster,Further,MoreInformation 1 1.1 PrincipleofOpticalFiber 3 1.2 PlasticOpticalFiber 6 References 9 2 TransmissionLoss 11 2.1 AbsorptionLoss 11 2.1.1 ElectronicTransitionAbsorption 11 2.1.2 MolecularVibrationAbsorption 12 2.1.3 EffectofFluorinationonAttenuationSpectraofPOFs 15 2.2 ScatteringLoss 19 2.2.1 DefinitionofScatteringLoss 19 2.2.2 HeterogeneousStructureandExcessScattering 20 2.2.3 OriginofExcessScatteringinPMMA 21 2.2.4 EmpiricalEstimationofScatteringLossforAmorphous Polymers 23 2.3 Low-LossPOFs 26 2.3.1 PMMA-andPSt-BasedPOFs 26 2.3.2 PMMA-d -BasedPOF 26 8 2.3.3 CYTOP®-BasedPOF 27 References 28 3 TransmissionCapacity 31 3.1 Bandwidth 32 3.1.1 IntermodalDispersion 32 3.1.2 IntramodalDispersion 34 3.1.3 High-BandwidthPOF 35 3.2 WavePropagationinPOFs 38 3.2.1 MicroscopicHeterogeneities 39 3.2.2 Debye’sScatteringTheory 40 VI Contents 3.2.3 DevelopedCoupledPowerTheory 42 3.2.4 ModeCouplingMechanism 44 3.2.5 EfficientGroupDelayAveraging 46 3.3 ModeCouplingEffectinPOFs 50 3.3.1 Radio-over-FiberwithGIPOFs 50 3.3.2 NoiseReductionEffectinGIPOFs 50 References 55 4 Materials 59 4.1 RepresentativeBasePolymersofPOFs 59 4.1.1 Poly(methylmethacrylate) 59 4.1.2 PerfluorinatedPolymer,CYTOP® 61 4.2 PartiallyHalogenatedPolymers 63 4.2.1 PolymethacrylateDerivatives 63 4.2.2 PolystyreneDerivatives 67 4.3 Perfluoropolymers 70 4.3.1 PerfluorinatedPolydioxolaneDerivatives 70 4.3.2 CopolymersofDioxolaneMonomers 74 4.3.3 CopolymersofPerfluoromethyleneDioxolanesandFluorovinyl Monomers 74 References 76 5 FabricationTechniques 79 5.1 ProductionProcessesofPOFs 79 5.1.1 PreformDrawing 79 5.1.2 BatchExtrusion 80 5.1.3 ContinuousExtrusion 81 5.2 FabricationTechniquesofGraded-IndexPreforms 82 5.2.1 Copolymerization 82 5.2.1.1 BinaryMonomerSystem 84 5.2.1.2 TernaryMonomerSystem 85 5.2.2 PreferentialDopantDiffusion 90 5.2.3 ThermalDopantDiffusion 91 5.2.4 PolymerizationunderCentrifugalForce 93 5.3 ExtrusionofGIPOFs 95 References 98 6 Characterization 101 6.1 RefractiveIndexProfile 101 6.1.1 Power-LawApproximation 101 6.1.2 TransverseInterferenceTechnique 102 6.2 LaunchingCondition 105 6.2.1 UnderfilledandOverfilledLaunching 106 6.2.2 DifferentialModeLaunching 107 6.3 Attenuation 107 Contents VII 6.3.1 CutbackTechnique 108 6.3.2 DifferentialModeAttenuation 110 6.4 Bandwidth 111 6.4.1 TimeDomainMeasurement 112 6.4.2 DifferentialModeDelay 113 6.5 Near-FieldPattern 114 References 117 7 OpticalLinkDesign 119 7.1 LinkPowerBudget 120 7.2 EyeDiagram 120 7.2.1 EyeOpening 121 7.2.2 EyeMask 122 7.3 BitErrorRateandLinkPowerPenalty 122 7.3.1 IntersymbolInterference 125 7.3.2 ExtinctionRatio 126 7.3.3 ModePartitionNoise 126 7.3.4 RelativeIntensityNoise 127 7.4 CouplingLoss 127 7.4.1 CoreDiameterDependence 128 7.4.2 BallpointPenTermination 129 7.4.3 BallpointPenInterconnection 132 7.5 DesignforGigabitEthernet 134 References 135 Appendix ProgressinLow-LossandHigh-BandwidthPlasticOpticalFibers 139 A.1 Introduction 139 A.2 BasicConceptandClassificationofOpticalFibers 140 A.3 TheAdventofPlasticOpticalFibersandAnalysisof Attenuation 143 A.3.1 AbsorptionLoss 144 A.3.2 ScatteringLoss 147 A.4 Graded-IndexTechnologiesforFasterTransmission 149 A.4.1 Interfacial-GelPolymerizationTechnique 150 A.4.2 CoextrusionProcess 152 A.5 RecentStudiesofLow-LossandLow-DispersionPolymer Materials 153 A.5.1 PartiallyFluorinatedPolymers 156 A.5.2 PerfluorinatedPolymer 159 A.6 Conclusion 165 Acknowledgment 165 References 166 Index 169