Fundamentals of International Aviation International aviation is a massive and complex industry that is crucial to our global econ- omy and way of life. Designed for the next generation of aviation professionals, Funda- mentals of International Aviation, second edition, flips the traditional approach to aviation education. Instead of focusing on one career in one country, it introduces readers to the air transport sector on a global scale with a broad view of all the interconnected professional groups. This text provides a foundation of ‘how aviation works’ in preparation for any career in the field (including regulators, maintenance engineers, pilots, flight attendants, air- line and airport managers, dispatchers, and air traffic controllers, among many others). Each chapter introduces a different cross-section of the industry, from air law to opera- tions, security to environmental impacts. A variety of learning tools are built into each chapter, including 24 case studies that describe an aviation accident related to each topic. This second edition adds new learning features, geographic representation from Africa, a new chapter on economics, full-color illustrations, and updated and enhanced online resources. This accessible and engaging textbook provides a foundation of industry awareness that will support a range of aviation careers. It also offers current air transport profession- als an enriched understanding of the practices and challenges that make up the rich fabric of international aviation. Suzanne K. Kearns is an Associate Professor of aviation at the University of Waterloo in Canada. She is a former aeroplane and helicopter pilot, the author of five other aviation books, and is considered a leading expert in aviation education internationally. Kearns has developed and delivered ‘Aviation Fundamentals’ courses to thousands of students and professionals. Aviation Fundamentals Series Editor: Suzanne K. Kearns Aviation Fundamentals is a series of air transport textbooks that incorporate instruc- tional design principles to present content in a manner that is engaging to the learner, at an accessible level for young adults, allowing for practical application of the content to real-world problems via cases, reflection questions and examples. Each textbook will be supported by a companion website of supplementary materials and a test bank. The series is designed to help facilitate the recruitment and education of the next gen- eration of aviation professionals (NGAP), a task which has been named a ‘Global Priority’ by the ICAO Assembly. It will also support education for new air transport sectors that are expected to rapidly evolve in future years, such as commercial space and the civil use of remotely piloted aircraft. The objective of Aviation Fundamentals is to become the leading source of textbooks for the variety of subject areas that make up aviation college/univer- sity degree programmes, evolving in parallel with these curricula. Fundamentals of International Aviation Law and Policy Benjamyn I. Scott and Andrea Trimarchi Fundamentals of Airline Operations Gert Meijer Fundamentals of Airline Marketing Abrose and Waguespack Fundamentals of International Aviation Second edition Suzanne K. Kearns For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Aviation- Fundamentals/book-series/AVFUND Fundamentals of International Aviation Second edition Suzanne K. Kearns Second edition published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Suzanne K. Kearns The right of Suzanne K. Kearns to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2018 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kearns, Suzanne K., author. Title: Fundamentals of international aviation / Suzanne K. Kearns. Description: Second edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Aviation fundamentals | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020038744 (print) | LCCN 2020038745 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367467951 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367467944 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003031154 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Aeronautics, Commercial. Classification: LCC HE9776 .K35 2021 (print) | LCC HE9776 (ebook) | DDC 387.7—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038744 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038745 ISBN: 978-0-367-46795-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-46794-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-03115-4 (ebk) Typeset in Rubik, Tasman and Baskerville by codeMantra Access the Support Material: www.routledge.com/9780367467944 This book is for my family—Mike, Katie, Sam, & Andy. This book is dedicated to all students and teachers whose dreams and aspirations cause them to move through life with their eyes turned skywards. Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii List of Boxes xv List of Case Studies xvii List of Organizational Profiles xix Preface xxi Foreword xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Learning Tools xxvi 1 International Air Law 1 2 Aircraft 37 3 Airlines 83 4 General Aviation 131 5 Navigation 171 6 Airports 215 7 Security 251 8 Environment 299 9 Accidents 339 vii CONTENTS 10 Safety 381 11 Remotely Piloted Aircraft 415 Photo Credits 449 Index 453 viii Figures 1.1 Early History of Aviation 3 1.2 Freedoms of the Air 9 1.3 Images of the ICAO Assembly, Council, and Air Navigation Commission 14 1.4 Structure of ICAO 16 1.5 The Standards-Making Process 20 2.1 ICAO Categories of Aircraft 39 2.2 Aircraft Wing 41 2.3 Four Forces 41 2.4 Elements of Wing Design 42 2.5 Winglets and Bird Wingtips in Flight 43 2.6 Flight Control Surfaces and the Three Axes of Rotation 44 2.7 Aeroplane Structure and Flight Control Surfaces 45 2.8 The Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine 46 2.9 Gas Turbine Engine 47 2.10 A Team of AMMTEs at Work on the Line (Photo) 61 2.11 Innovative Aircraft Designs 69 3.1 The Airline Value Chain 87 3.2 Global Airline Profits and Losses 88 3.3 Performance Indicators 95 3.4 Cabin Seating Configurations 97 3.5 Airline Costs 98 3.6 Air Cargo 108 4.1 The Orbis Flying Eye Hospital 135 4.2 Dissymmetry of Lift 136 4.3 A Royal Air Force Chinook Helicopter and a Royal Marine Rigid- Inflatable Boat Off Studland Bay, Dorset, UK 137 4.4 General Aviation 139 4.5 Full Flight Simulator 147 4.6 Traditional Aeroplane Pilot Progression versus Cadet Programs 150 5.1 Three Ways Controllers Separate Aircraft 174 5.2 Flight Progress Strip (Left Photo) and Electronic Flight Progress Strip (Right Photo) 176 5.3 Airport Tower (Photo) in Farnborough, United Kingdom 177 5.4 Visual Controller (Photo) at London Heathrow Tower, United Kingdom 178 ix