FundamentalsofDigitalTelevisionTransmission. GeraldW.Collins,PE Copyright2001JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. ISBNs:0-471-39199-9(Hardback);0-471-21376-4(Electronic) FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL TELEVISION TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL TELEVISION TRANSMISSION GERALD W. COLLINS, PE GW Collins Consulting A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York ž Chichester ž Weinheim ž Brisbane ž Singapore ž Toronto Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.In allinstanceswhereJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,isawareofaclaim,theproductnamesappearin initialcapitalorALLCAPITALLETTERS.Readers,however,shouldcontacttheappropriate companiesformorecompleteinformationregardingtrademarksandregistration. Copyright2001byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. 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ToGod whocreatedthe electromagnetic force and the law that governsits operation incommunications systems and To my beautiful wife Wilma who, after 39yearsof marriage, still wonderswhy I’m thinking about my work! CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Digital Television Transmission Standards 1 ATSC terrestrial transmission standard, vestigial sideband modulation, DVB-T transmission standard, ISDB-T transmission standard, channel allocations, antenna height and power, MPEG-2 2 Performance Objectives for Digital Television 21 System noise, external noise sources, transmission errors, error vector magnitude, eye pattern, interference, cochannel interference, adjacent channel interference, analog to digital TV, transmitter requirements 3 Channel Coding and Modulation for Digital Television 43 Data synchronization, randomization/scrambling, forward error correction, interleaving, inner code, frame sync insertion, quadrature modulation, 8 VSB, bandwidth, error rate, COFDM, flexibility, bandwidth vii viii CONTENTS 4 Transmitters for Digital Television 67 Precorrection and equalization, up conversion, precise frequency control, RF amplifiers, solid-state transmitters, RF amplifier modules, power supplies, power combiners, Wilkinson combiner, ring combiner, starpoint combiner, cooling, automatic gain or level control, ac distribution, transmitter control, tube transmitters, tube or solid-state transmitters, performance quality, retrofit of analog transmitters for DTV 5 Radio-Frequency Systems for Digital Television 98 Constant-impedance filter, output filters, elliptic function filters, cavities, channel combiners 6 Transmission Line for Digital Television 117 Fundamental parameters, efficiency, effect of VSWR, system AERP, rigid coaxial transmission lines, dissipation, attenuation, and power handling, higher-order modes, peak power rating, frequency response, standard lengths, corrugated coaxial cables, wind load, waveguide, bandwidth, waveguide attenuation, power rating, frequency response, size trade-offs, which line? waveguide or coax? pressurization 7 Transmitting Antennas for Digital Television 150 Antenna patterns, elevation pattern, mechanical stability, null fill, azimuth pattern, slotted cylinder antennas, gain and directivity, power handling, antenna impedance, bandwidth and frequency response, multiple-channel operation, types of digital television broadcast antennas, antenna mounting 8 Radio-Wave Propagation 199 Free-space propagation, distance to the radio horizon, refraction, multipath, ground reflections, surface roughness, effect of earth’s curvature, Fresnel zones, linear distortions, diffraction, fading, undesired signal, field tests, Charlotte, North Carolina, Chicago, Illinois, Raleigh, North Carolina CONTENTS ix 9 Test and Measurement for Digital Television 245 Power measurements, average power measurement, calorimetry, power meters, peak power measurement, measurement uncertainty, testing digital television transmitters Symbols and Abbreviations 251 Index 261 PREFACE Many engineers familiar with analog television broadcastsystems are now faced with designing, operating, and maintaining digital television systems. A major reason for this introductory book is to make the transition from analog to digital televisionbroadcastingaspainlessaspossiblefortheseengineers.Theemphasisis onradio-frequency(RF)transmission,thoseelementsofthesystemconcernedwith transmittingandpropagatingthedigitallymodulatedsignal.Ibeginwiththedigital signalasitemergesfromthetransportlayerandendwiththeRFsignalasitarrives atthereceiver.Theemphasisisonfactorsaffectingbroadcastsystemperformance. The scope of this book is necessarily limited; some topics, such as studio- to-transmitter links and receivers are not covered. It is intended as a self-study resource by the broadcast system engineer, as well as a reference for the design engineer, system engineer, and engineering manager. An index is included to make it a more useful resource for future reference. It may be used as a text for a formal training class. Most people would agree that a useful engineering tool must include some mathematics. For this reason, and to make the presentation as clear as possible, concepts have been described verbally, mathematically, and in many cases, graphically. The mathematics used include algebra, trigonometry, and a small amountofcalculus.Forthose notinterestedinthemathematicalformulation,the charts and graphs should be sufficient to grasp the key points. For those who wish to probe further, extensive footnotes are provided. These notonly provide muchmoredetailbut aremy attempttogive credittothe many workerswhohavebroughtdigitaltelevisiontoitspresentstateofmaturity.Even with ample footnotes, I may have failedto give creditto all who deserveit. This is by no means intentional; the references included are simply those sources of which I am aware. xi xii PREFACE To the extent possible I have used the mathematical symbols most commonly usedforthequantitiesdiscussed.However,theliteratureforthemanysubsystems comprising a digital television transmission system use common symbols to represent a large number of the quantities. To avoid confusion, I have added subscripts and used alternative type fonts to distinguish such quantities where necessary. When I found it necessary to use a nonstandard symbol, I attempted to make the relationship between the quantity and its symbol as intuitive as possible. To the extent that information was available to me, I have discussed the AmericanATSC,the EuropeanDVB-Tsystem, andJapan’sISDB-Tsystem. My personal experience and library are heavily biased in the direction of the ATSC and DVB-T systems, however, a fact that will readily be apparent to the reader. Theinformationpresentedshouldnotbeconsideredanendorsementofaspecific system for any particular country or group of countries. There are many factors to be considered when selecting a transmission system, not all of which are determined by performance parameters such as transmitter peak-to-average ratio or threshold carrier-to-noise ratio. These include the type of network, program and service considerations, and the extent of the use of mobile receivers,as well as language, industrial policy, and other issues. The information presented is factual to the best of my understanding. Readers are left to draw the appropriate conclusions for their applications. My personal design background is in antennas, analog transmitter systems, passiveRFcomponents,andpropagation.Whenthetransitiontodigitaltelevision began, it became necessary to educate myself with regard to digital modulation techniques,systemdesign,andtesting.Thishasrequiredcollaborationwithmany experts and the study of many reports and papers. This book is the result of that effort. If in some respect the presentation of any topic is incomplete, I take full responsibility. The implementation of digital television is a process that will continue for many years to come. The transition periods will take up to 15 years in some countries.TheprocesswillnotstartinJapanuntilafter2003.IntheUnitedStates the transition period has started and is mandated to be short. However, stations whose initial channel is outside the core spectrum will be required to move to a core channel after the transition. Those whose analog and digital channel is inside the core will be permitted to chose their permanent channel. It is hoped thatthisbookwillbehelpfultothosewhoaredesigningandimplementingthese systems, both now and in the future. JERRY COLLINS December1999 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I most certainly do not claim originality for much of the material included in this book. Infact,the story of digital television builds onthe many contributions of workers since the beginning of radio and television transmission. Rather, this book represents the result of my own attempt to understand and manage the developmentofdigitaltelevisionbroadcastequipmentsince1989.Iamespecially grateful to my former colleagues and the management of Harris Corporation Broadcast Division for their outstanding efforts. Together we participated in the process of developing digital television standards, designing equipment, and testing broadcast systems. It is to them that I owe so very much. In naming some, I’m sure I will miss some important contributors. However, I must mention the very beginning of our work when Bob Plonka, Jim Keller, I, and others worked with Charlie Rhodes of the ATTC to develop the RF test bed by which the proponent transmission systems were tested. Bob and Jim have continued their work developing, implementing, and testing new designs andproductionequipmentforHarris.Charlie’snameisalmostsynonymouswith DTV transmission. As soon as it was clear that the 8 VSB system would be the standard for the United States, I involved others in my R&D group in the development of the first series of 8 VSB exciters. These fine engineers included Dave Danielsons, Ed Twitchell, Paul Mizwicki, Dave Nickell, Dave Blickhan, Bruce Merideth, and Joe Seccia. The system engineering skills of Bob Davis were vital. We started the work on power amplifier development soon after the exciter.Thiscouldnothavebeenaccomplishedwithout theablecontributions of theengineersatoursisterfacilityinCambridge,England,undertheleadershipof DaveCrawfordandBarryTew.DmitriBorodulinjoinedusinQuincy,Illinoisfor xiii