Fundamentals of Cosmic Particle Physics Maxim Khlopov Fundamentals of Cosmic Particle Physics 123 Maxim Khlopov 10rueGarreau 75018Paris France ISBN 978-1-907343-48-3 e-ISBN978-1-907343-72-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-907343-72-8 CambridgeInternationalSciencePublishingLtd LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012933322 (cid:2)CambridgeInternationalSciencePublishing2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents i To my family the fundamentals of the world, in which we live Maxim Yu. Khlopov ii Contents Dedicated to the memory of Y.A. Zeldovich and A.D. Sakharov (their work laid the basis of cosmoparticle physics), A.A. Anselm, D.A. Kirzhi- nits, Ya.I. Kogan, M.A. Markov, B.M. Pontecorvo, V.F. Shvartsman, D. Schramm, A.A. Trushevsky, all my teachers, friends and colleagues, communica- tions and joint work with whom are reflected in this book which they unfortunately cannot read. Acknowledgement I am grateful to E.Kh. Akhmedov, F. Balestra, K.M. Belotsky, Z.G. Berezhiani, A.V. Berkov, G.M. Beskin, S.I. Blinnikov, N.G. Bochkarev, V.B. Braginsky, M.I. Vysotsky, S.S. Gershtein, D.Yu. and Yu.A. Golubkov, T. Damour, A.G. Dorosh- kevich, V.K. Dubrovich, I.G. Dymnikova, D. Fargion, A.F. Kadnikov, A.A. Klypin, Yu.Ya. Komachenko, R.V. Konoplich, Yu.L. Levitan, A.D. Linde, V.I. Maslyankin, A.G. Mayorov, R. Mignani, P.D. Naselsky, S.T. Petkov, G. Piragino, A.G. Polnarev, D.B. Pontecorvo, L.A. and S.A. Pustilnik, S.G. Rubin, M.V. Sazhin, A.S. Sakharov, E.V. Sedelnikov, I.M. Sobol, D.D. Sokolov, E.Yu.Soldatov, A.A. Starobinsky, A.L. Sudarikov, V.M. Souslin, R.A. Sunyaev, N.G. Uraltsev, S.S. Filippov, R.R. Khomeriki, V.M. Chechetkin, K.I. Shibaev, A.A. Shklyaev, all participants of joint work on the projects Cosmoparticle Physics, Astro- belix, Astrodamus, Cosmion-ETHZ, AMS-Epcos. The results of cooperation with them have greatly enriched the contents of this book. I am also grateful to all participants of international conferences Cosmion-94, Cosmion-96, Cosmion-97, Cosmion-99, Cosmion-2001 and Cosmion-2004. Fruitful discussions with them transformed these conferences to important milestones on the road to the establishment of cosmoparticle physics as an independent scientific discipline. The author Contents iii Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Hidden sector of particle physics 15 1. Theory of elementary particles – the standard model ....................................15 1.1. Quantum electrodynamics ..............................................................................18 1.2. Gauge symmetry of quantum electrodynamics .............................................23 1.3. Symmetry of the fundamental particles ..........................................................25 1.4. Standard model of electroweak and strong interactions .................................29 2. Aesthetic and practical reasons for the extension of the standard model .......35 2.1.   New physics of Grand Unification .................................................................36 2.2.   New physics in modern models of Grand Unification ....................................38 2.3. Restrictions on baryon and lepton photons .....................................................43 3. Neutrino mass and the invisible axion ...........................................................45 3.1. Physics of the neutrino mass ..........................................................................45 3.2. Instability of the neutrino ................................................................................50 3.3. Axion solution to the problem of strong CP-violation in QCD ......................56 3.4. Models of the invisible axion .........................................................................61 3. Hidden parameters of modern cosmology 69 1. Old scenario of Big Bang Universe ...............................................................69 1.1. Expanding Universe .......................................................................................69 1.2. Thermal electromagnetic background – trace of hot Universe ......................75 1.3. Physical cosmology of the old Big Bang scenario .........................................80 2.   Inflationary cosmology with baryosynthesis and dark matter/energy  ...........96 2.1. Magnetic monopoles in the old Big Bang model ...........................................97 2.2.   Inflationary recovery of the old Big Bang model .........................................108 2.3. Baryosynthesis ..............................................................................................116 2.4. Non-baryonic dark matter and dark energy ..................................................120 4. Cosmoarcheology of early Universe 124 1. Primordial black holes as a tool for cosmoarcheology ................................125 1.1. Primordial black holes ..................................................................................125 vii viii Contents 1.2. Primordial black holes as a manifestation of dust stages in the early Universe ........................................................................................128 1.3. Direct formation of PBH in dust stages .......................................................131 1.3. Evaporation of PBHs ...................................................................................136 2.   The formation of black holes in the first order phase transitions  ................138 2.1.   Configuration of the field in the collision of bubble walls  ..........................139 2.2. Gravitational collapse of the false vacuum bag and the formation of PBH 141 2.3. First order phase transitions in the early Universe ......................................146 5. Relic particles in the period of Big Bang nucleosynthesis 153 1. Effects of new particles and nucleosynthesis ...............................................153 1.1. Constraints on the total cosmological density .............................................159 1.2.   Shift of the equilibrium rate of β-processes  .................................................166 1.3. Non-equilibrium particles and abundance of 4He .........................................172 2. Metastable particles and the spectrum of thermal background radiation .....177 2.1. Distortion of the spectrum of thermal electromagnetic background ...........177 2.2. Dominance of metastable particles during nucleosynthesis .........................183 6. Antiprotons in the Universe after Big Bang nucleosynthesis 191 1. PBH evaporation as the source of the nucleon–antinucleon pairs ...............192 2. Effects of the annihilation of antiprotons with 4 He nuclei in the abundance of deuterium and 3He ............................................................. 202 3. Constraints on sources of antiprotons ...........................................................207 3.1. Constraints on primordial black holes and the theoretical mechanism of their formation .........................................................................................207 3.2. Problem of relic gravitinos ..........................................................................213 3.3. Constraints on the structure of domains of antimatter .................................218 7. Non-equilibrium effects as a test of new physics 220 1. Non-equilibrium cosmological nucleosynthesis ..........................................220 1.1. Kinetic equation for non-equilibrium particles ............................................221 1.2. Kinetic equation for weak sources in the RD stage .....................................225 1.3. Non-equilibrium nucleosynthesis. Some special cases ...............................230 2. ASTROBELIX project .................................................................................237 2.2. Constraints on antiprotons annihilating in the RD stage, from the observed abundance of lithium and beryllium ..............................................242 3. Cosmological backgrounds of non-equilibrium particles .............................244 Contents ix 3.1. High-energy neutrinos on the RD stage ........................................................244 3.3. Large volume experiments as a tool for cosmoparticle physics ...................253 8. New physics in formation of the large-scale structure 257 1. The problems of large-scale structure ...........................................................257 1.1.   The problem of initial fluctuations  ..............................................................257 1.2. The problem of self-consistent formation of structure of inhomogeneities and anisotropy of cosmic microwave background radiation .......................260 1.3. Problem of physical consistency in the theory of large-scale structure formation ......................................................................................................264 2. Neutrino mass and large scale structure of Universe ....................................266 2.1. Massive neutrinos in the Universe ................................................................267 2.2. Gravitational instability of gas of massive neutrinos ...................................272 2.3. Formation of structure in the neutrino-dominated Universe ........................281 9. Physical nature of dark matter of the Universe 286 1. The structure of the Universe as a particle detector of dark matter ..............286 1.1. Constraints on unstable particles from the conditions of formation of the structure ..............................................................................................286 1.2.   Difficulties of simple models of dark matter ................................................296 1.3. Arguments in favour of unstable dark matter component ............................303 2. Dark matter in the galaxy ............................................................................309 2.1. Condensation of dark matter in galaxies ......................................................309 2.2. Annihilation of weakly interacting massive particles in the Galaxy ............312 2.3. Search for WIMP in the Galaxy on the basis of their direct and indirect effects...............................................................................................315 10. Mirror world in the Universe 327 1. Mirror particles .............................................................................................327 1.1. Equivalence of left and right in the nature ....................................................327 1.2. Fractons and Alice strings .............................................................................330 2. Mirror particles in early Universe .................................................................335 2.1.   Inflation and the constraints on the mirror domain structure ........................335 2.2. Inhomogeneous baryosynthesis and island distribution of mirror baryons ..337 2.3. Nucleosynthesis and the mirror world ..........................................................338 3. The formation of astronomical objects from mirror matter ..........................339 3.1. Separation of ordinary and mirror matter .....................................................342 3.2. Accretion of gas on astronomical objects with different mirrority ...............350 x Contents 4. Observational physics of mirror matter ........................................................356 4.1.   Galaxies and clusters of galaxies with specific mirrority .............................357 4.2. Mirror matter on the scale of globular clusters .............................................361 4.3. Effects of mirror matter at the scale of stars .................................................364 11. Cosmoparticle physics of horizontal unification 370 1.   Physical grounds of horizontal unification  ..................................................370 1.1. Symmetry of generations of fermions ..........................................................370 1.2. Gauge model of broken symmetry between the generations ........................374 2.   Early Universe in the model of horizontally unification ..............................380 2.1.   Inflation dynamics and the energy scale .......................................................380 2.2.   Formation of primordial black holes in a model of horizontal unification ...382 2.3. Early ‘horizontal’ phase transitions ..............................................................385 2.4.   Large-scale modulation in the distribution of the primordial axion field .....388 3.   Model of horizontal unification and cosmology of dark matter ...................394 3.1.   Unified description of various forms of dark matter on the basis of     the hidden sector of models of horizontal unification ..................................394 3.2.   Models of dark matter resulting in horizontal unification ............................397 3.3.   History of the Universe based on the model of horizontal unification .........405 References 409 Index 427 Contents Preface to the English edition The book is based on the English translation of the Russian book « Osnovy kosmomikrofiziki » (Basics of cosmoparticle physics), which is used as a textbook for the course “Introduction to cosmoparticle physics”, given during the last two decades to 5th year students of National Research Nuclear University “Moscow Engineering Physics Institute” (MEPhI), specialized in physics of elementary particles. The aim of this course is to present the general trends of development of modern cosmology and particle theory that lead to foundation of cosmoparticle physics as the new field of science, studying fundamental relationship of macro- and micro-worlds. During the last decade the development of astroparticle physics, precision cosmology and collider physics has been progressing so rapidly that it may be now meaningless to review all the directions of these studies in a comprehensive and self- consistent way. The Virtual Institute of Astroparticle Physics (VIA) created in 2007, now incorporated into the structure of APC Laboratory (Paris, France), and operating on its website http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html provides online the first hand information  about the current progress in this field, so that the interested reader can enter this site, get acquainted with the huge library of records of previous videoconferences with VIA lectures, online VIA transmissions from various conferences, colloquiums or seminars. He/she can also  participate in an interactive regime online in all such events. On the other hand, sometimes this progress passes by important experience of earlier works and it is the aim of this book, presenting the subject in its historical development, to fill in such gaps of the common knowledge. The ideas and methods of cosmoparticle physics, the nontrivial cross- disciplinary links, arising in its research are to be developed in the full body of this science, being the great challenge for this Millennium. I can only express the hope that fundamentals of cosmoparticle physics, here discussed, could play the role of proper cornerstones on which this great future science will be built. I am grateful to Victor Riecansky of Cambridge Intrenational Science Publishing for cooperation in the work on the text of the manuscript. xi