Titles of related interest ISBN: 978-1-118-51628-7 ISBN: 978-1-4051-0932-1 The perfect companion for study and revision for ‘This manual builds on the knowledge, skills and pre-registration children’s nursing students from the expertise of one of the UK’s finest children’s hospitals publishers of the market-leading at a Glance series, and explains comprehensive, evidence-based care this book explores assessment and screening, working clearly.’ (Nursing Children and Young People, 1 October with families, the newborn infant, the developing 2012) child, child health policy, nursing the sick child and young person, and chronic and life-limiting conditions. ISBN: 978-1-118-48136-3 ISBN: 978-0-470-67054-5 Nursing Practice is the essential, textbook to support ‘A well-written resource that covers a range of you throughout your entire nursing degree, from your pertinent topics in pediatric pain . . . This clinical guide first year onwards. It explores all the clinical and is a welcome addition to the pediatric pain literature professional issues that you need to know in one and would serve well as a textbook for a course in complete volume, covering all fields of nursing: Adult, pediatric pain.’ (Pediatric Pain Letter) Child, Mental Health, Learning Disabilities and also Maternity care, in both acute and community settings. This title is also available as an e-book. For more details, please see www.wiley.com/buy/9781118625057 or scan this QR code: Fundamentals of Children’s Anatomy and Physiology In memory of our dear colleague Debbie Davies. Fundamentals of Children’s Anatomy and Physiology A Textbook for Nursing and Healthcare Students EDITED BY IAN PEATE Visiting Professor of Nursing, Head of the School of Health Studies, Gibraltar and Editor in Chief, British Journal of Nursing AND ELIZABETH GORMLEY-FLEMING Associate Dean of School, Academic Quality Assurance, Children’s Nursing, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Ian Peate and Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fundamentals of children’s anatomy and physiology: a textbook for nursing and healthcare students / edited by Ian Peate and Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-62505-7 (pbk.) I. Peate, Ian, editor. II. Gormley-Fleming, Elizabeth, editor. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Child. 3. Physiological Phenomena. QS 4] QP34.5 612–dc23 2014038945 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: iStock/© Yuri_Arcurs Set in 10/12pt MyriadPro by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong 1 2015 Contents About the series xiii Contributors xiv Preface xviii Acknowledgements xxi How to use your textbook xxii About the companion website xxvi Chapter 1 The child in society: enhancing health and wellbeing 1 Lisa Whiting and Mary Donnelly Aim 1 Introduction 2 The concept of childhood 3 The child’s ‘voice’ 4 Fundamental aspects of children’s lives 4 Children’s health and wellbeing 7 Child public health 8 Promoting child health: the role of the children’s nurse 10 Morbidity and mortality 11 Conclusion 12 Glossary 12 References 13 Chapter 2 Homeostasis 17 Mary Brady Aim 17 Introduction 18 Regulation of homeostasis 18 Homeostatic mechanisms 19 Energy production 20 Systematic approach to homeostasis 22 Thermoregulation 30 Conclusion 33 Activities 33 Glossary 37 References 39 Chapter 3 Scientific principles 40 Peter S. Vickers Aim 40 Introduction 41 Contents viii Levels of organization 41 Characteristics of life 41 Bodily requirements 43 Atoms 43 Units of measurement 54 Conclusion 54 Activities 57 Glossary 59 References 61 Chapter 4 The cell 62 Peter S. Vickers Aim 62 Introduction 63 Characteristics of the cell 63 The structure of the cell 65 The organelles 73 Fluids and the body 78 Conclusion 83 Activities 84 Glossary 86 References 87 Chapter 5 Genetics 89 Peter S. Vickers Aim 89 Introduction 90 Genes 90 From DNA to proteins 94 The transference of genes 99 Mendelian genetics 104 Conclusion 111 Activities 111 Glossary 114 References 117 Chapter 6 Tissues 118 Peter S. Vickers Aim 118 Introduction 119 Types of tissues 120 Tissue repair 132 Children and tissue development 134 Conclusion 135 Activities 135 Glossary 137 References 139