Fundamentals of Biostatistics Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Fundamentals of Biostatistics 8 t h E d i t i o n Bernard Rosner Harvard University Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 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Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This book is dedicated to my wife, Cynthia, and my children, Sarah, David, and Laura Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface / xiii Chapter 1 General overview / 1 Chapter 2 descriptive Statistics / 5 2.1 introduction / 5 2.9 Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on neurological and Psychological Function in 2.2 Measures of Location / 6 Children / 32 2.3 Some Properties of the Arithmetic 2.10 Case Study 2: Effects of tobacco Use Mean / 14 on Bone-Mineral density in Middle-Aged 2.4 Measures of Spread / 16 Women / 32 2.5 Some Properties of the Variance 2.11 obtaining descriptive Statistics and Standard deviation / 20 on the Computer / 35 2.6 the Coefficient of Variation / 22 2.12 Summary / 35 2.7 Grouped data / 24 Problems / 35 2.8 Graphic Methods / 27 vii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents Chapter 3 Probability / 42 3.1 introduction / 42 3.7 Bayes’ Rule and Screening tests / 55 3.2 definition of Probability / 43 3.8 Bayesian inference / 60 3.3 Some Useful Probabilistic notation / 44 3.9 RoC Curves / 61 3.4 the Multiplication Law of Probability / 46 3.10 Prevalence and incidence / 63 3.5 the Addition Law of Probability / 48 3.11 Summary / 64 3.6 Conditional Probability / 50 Problems / 65 Chapter 4 discrete Probability distributions / 77 4.1 introduction / 77 4.8 the Binomial distribution / 90 4.2 Random Variables / 78 4.9 Expected Value and Variance of the Binomial distribution / 96 4.3 the Probability-Mass Function for a discrete Random Variable / 79 4.10 the Poisson distribution / 98 4.4 the Expected Value of a discrete 4.11 Computation of Poisson Probabilities / 101 Random Variable / 81 4.12 Expected Value and Variance 4.5 the Variance of a discrete of the Poisson distribution / 102 Random Variable / 82 4.13 Poisson Approximation to the 4.6 the Cumulative-distribution Function Binomial distribution / 104 of a discrete Random Variable / 84 4.14 Summary / 106 4.7 Permutations and Combinations / 85 Problems / 107 Chapter 5 Continuous Probability distributions / 115 5.1 introduction / 115 5.6 Linear Combinations of Random Variables / 132 5.2 General Concepts / 115 5.7 normal Approximation to the Binomial 5.3 the normal distribution / 118 distribution / 133 5.4 Properties of the Standard normal 5.8 normal Approximation to the Poisson distribution / 121 distribution / 139 5.5 Conversion from an n ( μ,σ2) distribution 5.9 Summary / 141 to an n (0,1) distribution / 127 Problems / 142 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.