1222 2 3 4 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF 6 7 BIOGEOGRAPHY 8 9 10 Second Edition 1 2 3 4222 5 6 7 8111 9 Fundamentals of Biogeography presents an accessible, engaging, and comprehensive introduction to 20 biogeography, explaining the ecology, geography, history, and conservation of animals and plants. 1 Starting with an outline of how species arise, disperse, diversify, and become extinct, the book exam- 2 ines how environmental factors (climate, substrate, topography, and disturbance) influence animals 3 and plants; investigates how populations grow, interact, and survive, and how communities form and 4 change; and explores the connections between biogeography and conservation. 5 6 The second edition has been extensively revised and expanded throughout to cover new topics and 7 revisit themes from the first edition in more depth. Illustrated throughout with informative diagrams 8 and attractive photographs, and including guides to further reading, chapter summaries, and an 9 extensive glossary of key terms, Fundamentals of Biogeography clearly explains key concepts in the 30111 history, geography, and ecology of life systems. In doing so, it tackles some of the most topical 1 and controversial environmental and ethical concerns, including species overexploitation, the impacts 2 of global warming, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem restoration. 3 4 Fundamentals of Biogeography presents an appealing introduction for students and all those interested 5 in gaining a deeper understanding of key topics and debates within the fields of biogeography, ecology, 6 and the environment. Revealing how life has been and is adapting to its biological and physical 7 surroundings, Huggett stresses the role of ecological, historical, and human factors in fashioning 8 animal and plant distributions, and explores how biogeography can inform conservation practice. 9 40 Richard John Huggett is a Reader in Geography at the University of Manchester. 1 2 3 4 6222 ROUTLEDGE FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY SERIES Series Editor: John Gerrard This new series of focused, introductory textbooks presents comprehensive, up-to-date introductions to the fundamental concepts, natural processes, and human/environmental impacts within each of the core physical geography sub-disciplines. Uniformly designed, each volume contains student-friendly features: plentiful illustrations, boxed case studies, key concepts and summaries, further reading guides, and a glossary. Already published: Fundamentals of Soils John Gerrard Fundamentals of Hydrology Tim Davie Fundamentals of Geomorphology Richard John Huggett Fundamentals of Biogeography (Second edition) Richard John Huggett 1222 2 3 4 5 6 FUNDAMENTALS 7 8 OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 9 10 Second Edition 1 2 3 4222 5 6 7 Richard John Huggett 8111 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 6222 First edition published 1998 Second edition 2004 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 1998, 2004 Richard John Huggett The right of Richard John Huggett to be identified as author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Huggett, Richard J. Fundamentals of biogeography/Richard John Huggett. – 2nd ed. p. cm. – (Routledge fundamentals of physical geography series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Biogeography. I. Title. II. Series. QH84.H84 2004 578′.09 – dc22 2003027028 ISBN 0-203-35658-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-66926-6 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–32346–0 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–32347–9 (pbk) 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4222 5 6 7 8111 for my family 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 6222 1222 2 3 4 5 6 CONTENTS 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4222 5 6 7 8111 Series editor’s preface ix 9 Author’s preface to the second edition xi 20 Author’s preface to the first edition xiii 1 Acknowledgements xv 2 3 PART I INTRODUCING BIOGEOGRAPHY 1 4 5 1 WHAT IS BIOGEOGRAPHY? 3 6 7 2 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROCESSES I: SPECIATION, DIVERSIFICATION, 8 AND EXTINCTION 10 9 30111 3 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROCESSES II: DISPERSAL 36 1 2 4 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS: DISTRIBUTIONS 47 3 4 5 PART II ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY 69 6 7 5 HABITATS, ENVIRONMENTS, AND NICHES 71 8 9 6 CLIMATE AND LIFE 85 40 1 7 SUBSTRATE AND LIFE 106 2 3 8 TOPOGRAPHY AND LIFE 125 4 6222 9 DISTURBANCE 144 viii CONTENTS 10 POPULATIONS 160 11 INTERACTING POPULATIONS 187 12 COMMUNITIES 217 13 COMMUNITY CHANGE 254 PART III HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY 291 14 DISPERSAL AND DIVERSIFICATION IN THE DISTANT PAST 293 15 VICARIANCE IN THE DISTANT PAST 305 16 PAST COMMUNITY CHANGE 316 PART IV CONSERVATION BIOGEOGRAPHY 339 17 CONSERVING SPECIES AND POPULATIONS 341 18 CONSERVING COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS 355 Appendix: the geological timescale 377 Glossary 379 References 389 Index 424 1222 2 3 4 5 6 SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4222 5 6 7 8111 We are presently living in a time of unparalleled change and when concern for the environment has 9 never been greater. Global warming and climate change, possible rising sea-levels, deforestation, deser- 20 tification, and widespread soil erosion are just some of the issues of current concern. Although it is 1 the role of human activity in such issues that is of most concern, this activity affects the operation 2 of the natural processes that occur within the physical environment. Most of these processes and their 3 effects are taught and researched within the academic discipline of physical geography. A knowledge 4 and understanding of physical geography, and all it entails, is vitally important. 5 It is the aim of this Fundamentals of Physical Geography Series to provide, in five volumes, the funda- 6 mental nature of the physical processes that act on or just above the surface of the earth. The volumes 7 in the series are Climatology, Geomorphology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Soils. The topics are treated 8 in sufficient breadth and depth to provide the coverage expected in a Fundamentalsseries. Each volume 9 leads into the topic by outlining the approach adopted. This is important because there may be several 30111 ways of approaching individual topics. Although each volume is complete in itself, there are many 1 explicit and implicit references to the topics covered in the other volumes. Thus, the five volumes 2 together provide a comprehensive insight into the totality that is Physical Geography. 3 The flexibility provided by separate volumes has been designed to meet the demand created by the 4 variety of courses currently operating in higher education institutions. The advent of modular courses 5 has meant that physical geography is now rarely taught, in its entirety, in an ‘all-embracing’ course 6 but is generally split into its main components. This is also the case with many Advanced Level 7 syllabuses. Thus students and teachers are being increasingly frustrated by the lack of suitable books 8 and are having to recommend texts of which only a small part might be relevant to their needs. Such 9 texts also tend to lack the detail required. It is the aim of this series to provide individual volumes of 40 sufficient breadth and depth to fulfil new demands. The volumes should also be of use to sixth form 1 teachers where modular syllabuses are becoming common. 2 The volumes have been written by higher education teachers with a wealth of experience in all 3 aspects of the topics they cover and a proven ability in presenting information in a lively and inter- 4 esting way. Each volume provides a comprehensive coverage of the subject matter using clear text 6222 divided into easily accessible sections and subsections. Tables, figures, and photographs are used where