Supplements At-A-Glance SUPPLEMENT WHAT IT IS WHAT’S IN IT Software program (CD-ROM in ● Quizzes with immediate feedback StudyWARE™ CD-ROM the back of the book) ● Anatomical image labeling ● Interactive games ● 3-D animations Study Guide Print ● Study tips and test-taking strategies ● Practice exercises including image labeling, coloring exercises, critical thinking questions, and crossword puzzles ● Chapter quizzes ● Case Studies Mobile Downloads Mobile downloads ● Mobile downloads with key anatomy and physiology terms and art Anatomy and Physiology Print ● Color-coded fl ashcards correlated to Illustrated Flashcards introductory and body system chapters to reinforce body structures Instructor Resources CD-ROM ● Electronic Instructor’s Manual fi les ● Electronic testbank ● Slide presentation created in Power Point® with full-color art and 3-D animations ● Conversion grids to help you adjust your lesson plans WebTutor Advantage Web access ● On Blackboard and WebCT platforms (other platforms available upon request) ● Content and quizzes linked to each chapter ● Comprehensive glossary with audio and images ● Anatomical image labeling ● 3-D animations ● StudyWARE™ interactive games ● Power Point® slide presentations ● Discussion questions ● Mid-term and Final exams ● Electronic Textbook fi les Anatomy and Physiology Image CD-ROM ● Over 1,000 anatomy, physiology and pathology Library, Third Edition images of different levels of complexity Medical Terminology Student CD-ROM ● Video segments, quizzes and interactive games Theater: An Interactive Video to reinforce medical terminology Program CHAPTER 5 Tissues iii Biology Department Head Professor of Biology Marygrove College Detroit, Michigan Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Third Edition © 2010, 2006, 2001 Delmar, Cengage Learning Donald C. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv To Th e Learner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv To Th e Instructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi About Th e Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv How to Use Th is Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi How to Use StudyWARE™ to Accompany Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Th ird Edition. . . . . . . . xxxi 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Terms of Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C H A P T E R Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Human Body Structural Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 C H A P T E R Elements, Isotopes, Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Bonds and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 The Chemistry Common Substances in Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . 23 of Life Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Molecular Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Mineral Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Adenosine Triphosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Movement of Materials into and out of Cells . . . . . . . 30 Diff usion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Laboratory Exercise: Th e Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . 39 v vi CONTENTS 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 History of Th e Cell Th eory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 C H A P T E R Anatomy of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell. . . . . . . . . . . 44 Th e Cell Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Cell Structure Cytoplasm of the Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Th e Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Nuclear Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Nucleoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Chromatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Nucleolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Th e Mitochondria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Lysosomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Endoplasmic Reticulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Th e Rough or Granular ER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Th e Agranular or Smooth ER . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Th e Golgi Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Ribosomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Centrioles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Cilia and Flagella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Plastids of Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Th e Cell Wall of Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Laboratory Exercise: Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4 Introduction to Cellular Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Cellular Metabolism or Biochemical Respiration . . . . . 64 C H A P T E R Glycolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Th e Krebs Citric Acid Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Cellular Metabolism Th e Electron Transport (Transfer) System . . . . . . . .66 Summary of ATP Production during Glycolysis, and Reproduction: Mitosis the Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport . . . .68 and Meiosis Anaerobic Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Anaerobic Production of ATP by Muscles . . . . . . . .69 Production of ATP from General Food Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Summary of ATP Production from One Glucose Molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Introduction to Cellular Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . 70 CONTENTS vii Th e Structure of the DNA Molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Th e History of the Discovery of DNA . . . . . . . . . .71 Th e Anatomy of the DNA Molecule . . . . . . . . . . .73 Th e Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Interphase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Prophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Metaphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Anaphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Telophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Meiosis: A Reduction Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Th e Stages of Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Prophase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Metaphase I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Anaphase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Telophase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Prophase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Metaphase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Anaphase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Telophase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Gametogenesis: The Formation of the Sex Cells . . . . . 82 A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis. . . . . . . . . . . 82 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Laboratory Exercise: Cellular Metabolism . . . . . . . . 93 5 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Epithelial Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 C H A P T E R Classifi cation Based on Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Classifi cation Based on Arrangement . . . . . . . . . .96 Tissues Classifi cation Based on Function . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Loose Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Dense Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Specialized Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Connective Tissue Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Muscle Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Nervous Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Laboratory Exercise: Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 viii CONTENTS 6 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Th e Layers of Th e Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Th e Epidermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 C H A P T E R Th e Stratum Corneum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 The Integumentary System Th e Stratum Lucidum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Th e Stratum Granulosum . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Th e Stratum Spinosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Th e Stratum Germinativum . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Th e Dermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Th e Accessory Structures of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . 120 Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Hair Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Hair Texture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Hair Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Sebaceous Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Sweat Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Functions of the Integumentary System . . . . . . . . 124 Sensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Th ermoregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Laboratory Exercise: Th e Integumentary System . . . . 135 7 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Th e Functions of the Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . 138 C H A P T E R Th e Growth and Formation of Bone . . . . . . . . . . 138 Deposition of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 The Skeletal System Types of Ossifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Maintaining Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Th e Histology of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Th e Haversian System of Compact Bone . . . . . . . 142 Cancellous Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Bone Marrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Th e Classifi cation of Bones Based on Shape . . . . . . 144 Long Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Short Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Flat Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Irregular Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Sesamoid Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 CONTENTS ix Bone Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Fossae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Divisions of the Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Th e Axial Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Th e Cranial Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Th e Facial Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Th e Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Th e Nasal Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Th e Foramina of the Skull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Th e Hyoid Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 How to Study the Bones of the Skull . . . . . . . . . 152 Th e Torso or Trunk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Th e Th orax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Th e Sternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Th e Ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Th e Appendicular Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Th e Bones of the Upper Extremities. . . . . . . . . . 155 Th e Bones of the Lower Extremities. . . . . . . . . . 158 Th e Arches of the Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Laboratory Exercise: Th e Skeletal System. . . . . . . . 173 8 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Th e Classifi cation of Joints: Structure and Function . . . 175 Synarthroses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 C H A P T E R Amphiarthroses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 The Articular System Diarthroses or Synovial Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Movements at Synovial Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Th e Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints . . . . . 180 Bursae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Summary Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Laboratory Exercise: Th e Articular System . . . . . . . 189 9 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Th e Types of Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Th e Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle . . . . . . . 192 C H A P T E R Th e Physiology of Muscle Contraction . . . . . . . . . 195 The Muscular System Neuroelectrical Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199