FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALLLLYY GGRRAADDEEDD MMAATTEERRIIAALLSS IINN TTHHEE 2211SSTT CCEENNTTUURRYY AA WWoorrkksshhoopp oonn TTrreennddss aanndd FFoorreeccaassttss FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALLLLYY GGRRAADDEEDD MMAATT EERRIIAALLSS IINN TTHHEE 2211SSTT CCEENNTTUURRYY AA WWoorrkksshhoopp oonn TTrreennddss aanndd FFoorreeccaassttss eeddiitteedd bbyy KKiiyyoosshhii IIcchhiikkaawwaa MMeecchhaanniiccaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg LLaabboorraattoorryy AAggeennccyy ooff IInndduussttrriiaall SScciieennccee aanndd TTeecchhnnoollooggyy MMiinniissttrryy ooff IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall TTrraaddee aanndd IInndduussttrryy JJaappaann SSPPRRIINNGGEERR SSCCffffiiNNCCEE++BBUUSSIINNEESSSS MMEEDDIIAA,, LLLLCC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Functionally graded materials in the 21 st century : a workshop on trends and forecasts/ edited by Kiyoshi Ichikawa p.cm. ISBN 978-0-7923-7236-3 ISBN 978-1-4615-4373-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4373-2 1. Functionally gradient materials--Congresses. 1. Ichikawa, Kiyoshi, 1943- TA418.9.F85F89 2000 620.1'18--dc21 00-048693 Copyright® 2001 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 200 1 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 200 1 AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Printed on acid-free paper. Contents Organizing Committee vii Contributors ix Preface XUl Acknow ledgements xv INTRODUCTION 1 MODELING AND SIMULATION 27 PROCESSING AND SYSTEM 53 CHARACTERIZATION OF PROPERTIES 103 APPLICATIONS 207 Index 237 Organizing Committee Dr. N. Ooyama Director-General of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. Agency of Industrial Science and Technology. Ministry of International Trade and Indu stry Dr. K. Ichikawa Chief of Materials Design Division. Mechanical Engineering Labora tory, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology. Ministry of International Trade and Industry Dr. M. Koizumi President of FGM Forum. Professor Emeritus. Supervisor of REC, Ryukoku University Dr. T. Hirai Professor & University Councilor of Tohoku University. Director of Laboratory for Developmental Research of Advanced Materials of Institute for Materials Research Dr. Y. Miyamoto Professor of Materials Science at The Research Center for Cyclic Loop System for Processing and Maintenance. Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University Dr. M. Niino Chief of Rocket High Altitude Performance Section. Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory. Science Technology Agency M. Tokita Managing Director of SCM Division. Sumitomo Coal Mining Group. Izumi Technology Company Ltd. Dr.A. Yabe Chief of Research Planing Office. Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry Contributors S. Alam, S. Sasaki and H. Shimura (3.2.3) Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tribological and Metallurgical Evaluation of Molybdenum with Copper Composite Material Produced by Laser Assisted Low Pressure Plasma Spraying Technique S. Amada (4.7.3) Gunma University, Hierarchical and Functionally Graded Structure of Plants H. Awaji. H.Takenaka. S. Honda and T. Nishikawa (2.2) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Analysis of Temperature and Stress Distributions in a FGM Plate under Thermal Shock T. E. Fischer, Y F. Qiano and Z. Zhu (4.6.1) Stevens Institute of Technology. Tribological Approach to Functional ly Graded Materials Y. Hibi1, Y Enomoto~ and A Tanaka 1 (4.6.3) 1 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. ~Nagoya National Industrial Research Institute. Evaluation of Wear Resistance of Si:/V-#-TiN-Ti Compo sites T. Hirano, J. Teraki and Y Nishino (4.5.4) Daikin Industries Ltd. . Computational Design for Functionally Gra ded Thermoelectric Materials K. Ichikawa1 and S. Miyamoto~ (4.4.4) IMechanical Engineering Laboratory, 2Izumi Technology Company, Ltd., Tensile Properties of ZrOl3Y)/Stainless Steel FGMs Fabricated Spark Plasma Sintering Method N. Ichinose (4.5.1) Waseda University, Preparation and Properties of Functionally Gra ded Electronic Materials A. Ikegaya1• K.Tsuda1• T. Miyagawa~ and Y Suehiro\5.1) I Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., ~ JRCM, 3 Japan National Oil Cor poration, Application ofF unctionally Graded Materials for Tool Materials x Contributors S. Kano (4.2.2) Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. Residual Stress of ZrO:/SUS FGMbyXRD M. Kawahara (4.4.3) Izumi Technology Company. Ltd .. Properties ofL arge-Size Zr02(3y)/ Stainless FGMs Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering Method A. Kawasaki (4.1) Tohoku University. Evaluation Methods of Functionally Graded Mate- rials M. Kitayamal. T. Narushima" and A.M. Glaese ...~ (2.4) I FCRA Nagoya. 2 Tohoku University. 3U niversity of California. Tools for Model Studies of the High-Temperature Properties of Surfaces and Inter faces Y. Miyamoto\ J. Ohl. S. Kiriharral and K. Matsuura" (1.2) I Osaka University. Hokkaido University. Cybermaterials: Concept, 2 Processes and Applications K. Mizuhara1• K. Tanaka" and N. Morita2 (4.2.3) Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. 2Chiba University. Evaluation of Residual Stresses in FGM by Means of Optical Methods T. Murakami (4.3) IMechanical Engineering Laboratory. Oxidation Behavior of Spark Plasma Sintered Compacts of the Nb-Si-X (X:B, Cr. AI) Systems Z. A. Munir (3.1.1) University of California. One-Step Synthesis and Densification of Monolithic and FGM Materials by Electric Field Activation T. Nakamura and S. Sampath (3.2.2) State University of New York at Stony Brook. Manufacturing of Thermally Sprayed FGM and Determination of Its Property by Inverse Analysis Y. Nakayama (3.1.4) Izumi Technology Company. Ltd .. Development of Automatic FGM Manufacturing System M. Niino and S. Moriya (5.3) National Aerospace Laboratory. Launch into Space with FGM Y. Okazaki (4.7.2) Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. Surface Modification of New Ti Alloy for Medical Application M. Omori and T. Hirai (3.1.2) Tohoku University. Fabrication of FGM Using the Function of SPS M. Pinderal. J. Aboudi2 and S. M. Arnold3(3.2.1) IUniversity of Virginia. 2TeI-Aviv University. 3NASA-GIenn Research Center, Modeling Issues for Plasma-Sprayed TBCs with Graded Bond Coat Architectures Contributors Xl E. Reimanisl, J. Chapa\ AN. Winter2, W. Windes2 and E. Steffler2 (4.4.1) lColorado School of Mines, 2Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Fracture and Deformation in Ductile/Brittle Joints with Graded Structures K. Shinagawa (2.1) Anan College of Technology, Computer Aided Design of Graded Pow der Compacts to Control Sintering Defects D. T. Smith (4.4.2) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Use of Instrumented Indentation to Determine Mechanical Properties of Thin Films. Coatings and Functionally Graded Materials S. Takatsu and K. Umeda (4.6.2) Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tribological Properties and Damage of Zr02 Layer in Zr02-Stainless Steel FGM with a Pin on Block Friction J. Takatsubol, M. Imadel, S. Yamamotol, Y. Enomoto2 and M. Tokita3 (4.2.1) IChugoku National Industrial Research Institute, 2Nagoya National Industrial Research Institute, 3Izumi Technology Company, Ltd., Ultrasonic Imaging of Metal/Ceramics FGM M. Tokita (3.1.3, 5.2) Izumi Technology Company, Ltd., Advanced SPS Systems for FGM Technology, Industrial Applications for Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Systems T. Tsujikami, M. Kawagai, K. Inoue and M. Ohyanagi (2.3) Ryukoku University, Evaluation of Residual Stress for Particle Gra dually Dispersed Composites by Finite Element Method S. Uemural, M. Niin02 and M. Koizume (1.3) IKyusyu University, 2National Aerospace Laboratory, 3Ryukoku Uni versity, The Activities of FGM Forum R. Watanabel, T. Nishida2 and T. HiraP (1.1) ITohoku University, 2Kyoto Institute of Technology, Present Status of Research on Design and Processing of Functionally Graded Materials S. Watanabel, R.Yamashital, S. Katohl, N. Hayashil, Y. Uchidal, S. Higal, D. Dykes2 and G. Touchard3 (4.5.2) 'Aichi Institute of Technology, 2Yokkaichi University, 3 Universite de Poitiers, The Crystalline Structure and Electrical Properties of TiOl-based Func tionally Graded Materials Y. Watanabe (3.2.4) Shinsyu University, Magnetically Graded Materials by Martensitic and Reverse Martensitic Transformation Techniques xii Contributors F. Watari!, A. Yokoyama!, H. Matsuno!, R. Miyao!, M. Uo!, T. Kawasaki!, M. Omori2 and T. Hiraf (4.7.1) !Hokkaido University, 2Tohoku University, Fabrication of Functionally Gra ded Implant by Spark Plasma Sintering and Its Biocompatibility X. Wang!, L. Chen!, T. Hirai! and Y Somen02 (4.5.3) ITohoku University, 2ALPS Electric Co., Ltd., Design of High Perfor mance Reflection Filter of SiO[Zr0 Multilayer Films with Graded Refra 2 ctive Index Profiles Preface I am honored to chair this International Workshop on Functionally Graded Materials in the 21st Century: A Workshop on Trends and Forecasts, and would like to first express my sincere gratitude to everyone participating. The Mechanical Engineering Laboratory and the Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC) have co-organized this workshop with the sponsorship of the Science and Technology Agency of Japan and the cooperation of the Association of Mechanical Technology. This workshop is an international conference to focus on functionally graded materials and the aim is to provide an overview of the present global technical trends and the future development of functionally graded materials over the next 10 years. I am very happy to see many researchers meeting together here - including seven researchers invited from abroad. During the three-day oral sessions, 36 research reports will be presented, and I'm sure I'm not the only one who is very anxious to hear and participate in the upcoming interesting discussions. At present, the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory is conducting fundamental and ground-breaking research in such major areas as materials science and technology, bioengineering, information & system science, advanced machine technology, energy technology, manufacturing technology and robotics. In particular, we consider research on materials science and technology to have the highest priority for the 21st century. and since 1996 have participated in the US-Japan joint research project, Precompetitive Processing and Characterization of Functionally Graded Materials. The Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of Japan and the US National Institute of Standards have been carrying out this 4-year joint research project to produce and evaluate new functionally graded materials using spark plasma sintering. In Japan. Sumitomo Coal Mining Group. Izumi Technology. Co. Ltd. and Yanmar Diesel Engine Co. have joined the project. This joint research focuses on production of large-scale functionally graded material composites of a metal with high mechanical strength and a ceramic