F F UNCTIONAL OODS, N UTRACEUTICALS AND N P ATURAL RODUCTS CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Professor Dhiraj A. Vattem, Ph.D. Texas State University Vatsala Maitin, Ph.D. Texas State University HOW TO ORDER THIS BOOK BY PHONE: 877-500-4337 or 717-290-1660, 9AM–5PM Eastern Time BY FAX: 717-509-6100 BY MAIL: Order Department DEStech Publications, Inc. 439 North Duke Street Lancaster, PA 17602, U.S.A. BY CREDIT CARD: American Express, VISA, MasterCard, Discover BY WWW SITE: http://www.destechpub.com We would like to dedicate this book to our parents Sree Lakshmi Vattem, Radha Krishnan Vattem, Binod Maitin and Renu Maitin, for their support, encouragement and love. We would also like to express our deep gratitude to our teachers, colleagues, students and friends. This book would not have been possible without their help. Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Natural Products DEStech Pub li ca tions, Inc. 439 North Duke Street Lanc as ter, Penns ylv an ia 17602 U.S.A. Copy right © 2016 by DEStech Pub li ca tions, Inc. All rights res erved No part of this pub lic at ion may be re prod uced, stored in a ret rieval sys tem, or transm itt ed, in any form or by any means, elec tronic, me chani c al, phot oc opyi ng, rec ordi ng, or oth erw ise, witho ut the prior writt en perm iss ion of the publ isher. Printed in the United States of Ameri ca 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Main ent ry un der tit le: Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Natural Products: Concepts and Applications A DEStech Pub lic at ions book Bib lio gr ap hy: p. Inc ludes in dex p. 797 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015947737 ISBN No. 978-1-60595-101-0 Table of Contents Preface xv 1. Functional Foods—History and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . 1 S. ARAI, D.A. VATTEM and H. KUMAGAI 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Scientific Perspectives 3 1.3. Political States 8 1.4. Definitions and Limitations 10 1.5. Relevance of Functional Foods 12 1.6. Functional Food versus Pharmaceuticals 13 1.7. Impact on Health Care and Society 13 1.8. Functional Food: Sources and Classification 14 1.9. Acknowledgments 16 1.10. References 16 2. Prebiotics and Probiotics: Concepts and Advances . .19 A.L. CARVALHO-WELLS and D.M.A. SAULNIER 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Roles of the Commensal Microbiota 22 2.3. The Gut Microbiota and Augmentation of Host Defense 24 2.4. Probiotics 26 2.5. Prebiotics 33 2.6. Future and Novel Applications 36 2.7. Acknowledgement 39 2.8. References 39 v vi Table of Contents 3. Pleiotropic Effects of Bioactive Phytochemicals (Polyphenols and Terpenes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ADEEB SHEHZAD, SALMAN UL ISLAM, EBTESAM A AL-SUHAIMI and YOUNG SUP LEE 3.1. Introduction 47 3.2. Phenols 48 3.3. Terpenes 71 3.4. Conclusion 83 3.5. References 84 4. Phytochemical Probiotic Synergies as Novel Functional Food Ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 E. APOSTOLIDIS and Y.I. KWON 4.1. Introduction: Lactic Acid Bacteria and Phenolic Phytochemicals—Biological Role 89 4.2. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Products 91 4.3. Phenolic Phytochemicals 96 4.4. Innovative Strategies to Improve Functionality of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Products by Phenolic Phytochemical Synergies 101 4.5. Conclusions and Future Research 114 4.6. References 116 5. Metabolomics in Nutritional Research: Applications and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . 125 L. BRENNAN 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Samples for Metabolomics Analysis 126 5.3. Data Analysis 128 5.4. Examples of Use in Nutrition and Functional Food Research 129 5.5. Future Challenges 131 5.6. References 132 6. Proteomics as a Tool to Test Efficacy of Functional Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 BAUKJE DE ROOS 6.1. Introduction 135 Table of Contents vii 6.2. Proteomics Applications in Nutrition Sciences 135 6.3. Analytical Platforms 136 6.4. Proteomics Approaches in Animal Intervention Studies 138 6.5. Proteomics Approaches in Human Intervention Studies 142 6.6. Proteomics and Biomarker Discovery 145 6.7. Conclusion 147 6.8. Acknowledgments 148 6.9. References 148 7. Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Ingredients from Natural Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 G. K. JAYAPRAKASHA and BHIMANAGOUDA S. PATIL 7.1. Introduction 153 7.2. Extraction of Bioactive Ingredients 153 7.3. Conventional Extraction Techniques 156 7.4. Recent Techniques 158 7.5. Purification Techniques 162 7.6. Current and Future Developments 167 7.7. Acknowledgments 168 7.8. References 168 8. Identification of Bioactive Components from Natural Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 G. K. JAYAPRAKASHA and BHIMANAGOUDA S. PATIL 8.1. Introduction 175 8.2. Separation and Structure Determination 177 8.3. Functional Groups Identification 178 8.4. Identification of Chemical Components 181 8.5. Summary 195 8.6. Acknowledgment 195 8.7. References 195 9. Insulin Signaling—A Potential Therapeutic Target of Dietary Bioactives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 B.Y. JAMISON, Y. GOMADA, V. MAITIN and D.A. VATTEM 9.1. Introduction 201 9.2. Pharmacological Treatment Targets and Limitations 205 viii Table of Contents 9.3. Natural Products 206 9.4. Lamiaceae Herbs as Modulators of Insulin Signaling 208 9.5. References 216 10. Eukaryotic Stress Response Signaling Pathways as Mechanistic Targets for Functional Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Y. GOMADA, B.Y. JAMISON, V. MAITIN and D.A. VATTEM 10.1. Nrf2/skn-1 Signaling Pathway 225 10.2. HIF-1 Signaling Pathway 226 10.3. Apoptotic Signaling 228 10.4. Regulation of the Autophagy 230 10.5. Hypoxia Signaling Pathway and Unfolded Protein Response Signaling 231 10.6. HSP/UPR Link to Neurodegeneration 233 10.7. Regulation and Dysregulation of the MAPK Cascade 234 10.8. TGF-β Signaling Pathway 236 10.9. Neurodegenerative Pathologies and Stress Response Signaling 237 10.10. References 241 11. Mechanism of Neuroprotection by Bioactive Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 R.C. STAVINOHA, B.Y. JAMISON, Y. GOMADA, V. MAITIN and D.A. VATTEM 11.1. Introduction 251 11.2. Alzheimer’s Disease 251 11.3. Parkinson’s Disease 256 11.4. Pharmacological Agents 261 11.5. Natural Alternatives 278 11.6. References 282 12. Modulation of Redox Homeostasis by Lamiaceae Herbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 R.C. DELEON, B.Y. JAMISON, V.M. MAITIN and D.A. VATTEM 12.1. Oxidative Stress Mediated Pathogenesis of Disease 287 Table of Contents ix 12.2. Antioxidant Defense Systems 289 12.3. Phytochemicals 290 12.4. Phytochemicals from Lamiaceae Herbs 292 12.5. References 295 13. Lamiaceae Herbs: A Potential Ingredient to Functional Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 M. VIUDA-MARTOS, J. A. PÉREZ-ÁLVAREZ and J. FERNÁNDEZ-LÓPEZ 13.1. Introduction 301 13.2. Bioactive Components 304 13.3. Functional Properties 307 13.4. Addition in Food 317 13.5. Conclusions 319 13.6. References 319 14. Immunomodulatory Properties of Dietary Herbs and Spices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 C.E. LESTER, B.Y. JAMISON, V.M. MAITIN and D.A. VATTEM 14.1. Historical and Current Use of Natural Products 327 14.2. Innate Immunity 329 14.3. Modulation of Innate Immunity by Natural Products 332 14.4. Immunomodulation by Root Spices 333 14.5. Immunomodulation by Nonroot Spices 334 14.6. Immunomodulation by Lamiaceae Herbs 334 14.7. References 337 15. Therapeutic Potential of Green and Black Tea in the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 A. SHEHZAD, M. UL-ISLAM, N. SHAH and Y. SUP LEE 15.1. Introduction 343 15.2. Chemistry and Stability 345 15.3. Mechanisms of Catechin Action 351 15.4. Medicinal and Therapeutic Potential of Tea 353 15.5. Clinical Implications 360 15.6. Future Prospects 361 15.7. References 362