Frost Resistance of Concrete Frost Resistance of Concrete Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop on Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing With or Without De-icing Chemicals University of Essen, September 22–23, 1997 EDITED BY Max Josef Setzer IBPM Institute of Building Physics and Materials Science University of Essen Essen (Ruhr) Germany Rainer Auberg IBPM Institute of Building Physics and Materials Science University of Essen Essen (Ruhr) Germany E & FN SPON An Imprint of Chapman & Hall London • Weinheim • New York • Tokyo • Melbourne • Madras Published by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall, GmbH, Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, 2–2–1 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R.Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India First edition 1997 © 1997 RILEM ISBN 0-203-62732-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-63118-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0 419 22900 0 (Print Edition) Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. 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CONTENTS Preface viii Part I Material Parameters and Concrete Design The influence of material parameters on freeze-thaw resistance with 3 and without deicing salt D.J.Janssen Effects of fly ash on microstructure and deicer salt scaling resistance of 12 concrete J.Marchand , Y.Maltais , Y.Machabée , C.Talbot and M.Pigeon Laboratory and field studies of salt scaling in fly ash concrete 24 M.D.A.Thomas Influence of the type of cement on the freeze-thaw resistance of the 34 mortar phase of concrete C.Girodet , M.Chabannet , J.L.Bosc and J.Pera Frost resisting and waterproof fine-grained slag ash concrete for roofs 45 of residential structures S.I.Pavlenko , A.A.Permyakov and V.K.Aphanasiev Water resistant low water consumption plaster binder 53 K.K.Abdrakhmanova Influence of sand on the freeze-thaw resistance of the mortar phase of 58 concrete C.Girodet , J.L.Bosc , M.Chabannet and J.Pera Investigations on freeze-thaw resistance of recycling concrete 67 H.K.Hilsdorf , R.Kottas and H.S.Müller Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with recycled aggregates 80 R.Dillmann Part II Chemical Parameters Frost resistance with and without deicing salt—a purely physical 90 problem? J.Stark Influence of C A content on frost and scaling resistance 107 3 J.Stark , A.Eckart and H.-M.Ludwig Influence of cement type on resistance against freezing and thawing, 119 with or without deicing chemicals, of cement mortar U.Balters and U.Ludwig Freeze-deicing salt resistance of concretes containing cement rich in 132 slag J.Stark and H.-M.Ludwig Frost and frost-deicing salt resistance of supersulphated cement 148 concrete U.Knaack and J.Stark Sorption of chlorides on hydrated cements and C S pastes 155 3 O.Wowra and M.J.Setzer Part III Physical Parameters and Testing Basis of testing the freeze-thaw resistance: surface and internal 166 deterioration M.J.Setzer Effect of finishing, forming and curing on de-icer salt scaling 184 resistance of concretes R.D.Hooton and A.Boyd Influence of preconditioning on scaling resistance for different types of 196 test surfaces P.Utgenannt and P.-E.Petersson An experimental study on frost resistance of concrete considering 207 drying effects Y.Hama , E.Kamada and C.G.Han A mechanism of frost damage of concrete under supercooling 215 O.Katsura and E.Kamada Length changes of concrete specimen during frost deicing salt 229 resistance test J.Kaufmann and W.Studer Moisture absorption from salt solutions in cement mortar discs during 240 freezing S.Lindmark Influence of water uptake during freezing and thawing 251 R.Auberg and M.J.Setzer Scaling and internal cracking in wet freeze/thaw testing 268 S.Jacobsen The infrared thermal image characteristic and injured degree evaluation 279 of freeze-thaw injured concrete X.Zhang and J.H.Han Testing of freeze-thaw resistance portland cement compositions by low 285 temperature dilatometry M.A.Sanitsky , V.M.Melnyk , M.Z.Loza and I.V.Shichnenko The reasons of damping maximums of hardened cement paste (hcp) at 293 extremely low temperature X.Xu and M.J.Setzer Subzero temperature investigation of autoclaved concrete with gypsum 305 added J.Adolphs , M.J.Setzer and S.Shibata Damping measurements for nondestructive evaluation of concrete 312 beams E.A.Vokes , S.L.Clarke and D.J.Janssen Standard methods for freeze-thaw tests: a European research 324 programme E.Siebel and H.Gräf Frost failure and rapid test method of concrete frost resistance 325 A.I.Panchenko Concrete frost resistance test methods 332 N.K.Rozentahl Temperature shock test for the determination of the freeze-thaw 339 resistance of concrete M.Maultzsch and K.Günther Internal frost attack—state of the art 347 G.Fagerlund Appendix: RILEM recommendation 368 Author Index 383 Keyword Index 386 PREFACE In 1990 RILEM TC 117 FDC “Freeze Thaw and Deicing Salt Resistance” had its inaugural session here in Essen. Since then we have had meetings in Great Britain/Brighton, Sweden/Lund, France/Lyon, Switzerland/Dübendorf, Canada/Québéc, Norway/Trondheim, Japan/Sapporo and Finland/Espoo. The committee consists of: Chairman: Max J.Setzer, Germany; Secretary: Rainer Auberg, Germany; Members: Dirch Bager, Denmark; Gjöran Fagerlund, Sweden; Volker Hartmann, Germany; Stefan Jacobsen, Norway; Don Janssen, USA; Heikki Kukko, Finland; Jaques Marchand, Canada; Takashi Miura, Japan; Per-Eric Petersson, Sweden; Michel Pigeon, Canada; Terje F.Rônning, Norway; Eric Sellevold, Norway; Eberhard Siebel, Germany; Jochen Stark, Germany; Werner Studer, Switzerland; Corresponding Members: Christian Clergue, France; J.R. Clifton, USA; Corinne Dubois, France; Geoffrey Frohnsdorf, USA; Y.Guerpillon, France; J.Prost, France; A.Reymond, France; Kenneth A.Snyder, USA; Rupert Springenschmid, Germany. During the tenure of this committee remarkable research efforts have been given and round robin testing has been done by the committee members covering all aspects of basic research in frost action, application and test procedures. It has been a great honour for me to chair this committee. I want to thank all the members for their constructive co- operation, excellent discussions and personal support. The work has been a fruitful exchange of ideas, experience and experimental results. The workshop here in Essen should be a culminating effort which has its basis in the work of this RILEM TC 117 FDC. The resonance of consensus researchers indicates that the topic of this work is still of high interest both for people in practice confronted with durability problems and for researchers in the basic and applied field. The proceedings of this workshop should be a basis and starting point for the future research work in freeze thaw and deicing salt resistance. There are still unsolved problems in the basic understanding of the dynamic process of freezing and thawing and deicing salt attack, in the chemical and physical processes involved and in measuring the internal damage due to these attacks. Therefore, RILEM General Council decided to start a new technical committee: RILEM TC IDC “Internal Damage of Concrete due to Frost Action”. I am honored to be the host of this international workshop. I thank all the authors for their contributions. Many thanks to the sponsors of the workshop: the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, the Readymix AG, the E.Schwenk Zementwerke KG, the Bundesverband Deutsche Beton- und Fertigteilindustrie e.V., the Katzenberger GmbH & Co. KG, the Dyckerhoff Zement-GmbH and the University GH Essen. And I thank my secretaries of RILEM TC 117 FDC, Dr. Hartmann (until 1992) and Mr. Auberg (since 1992) for their work and for their dedication. I hope that both the workshop and this book are a source of insight for the participants and the readers of these proceedings. Max J.Setzer, June 9, 1997