Frontiers of Computational Fluid Dynamics 1998 This page is intentionally left blank Frontiers of Computational Fluid Dynamics 1998 Editors D A Caughey Cornell University M M Hafez University of California, Davis World Scientific Singapore • New JerseM • London • Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P O Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. FRONTIERS OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 1998 Copyright © 1998 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-02-3707-3 Printed in Singapore by Uto-Print Dedication This volume consists of papers presented at a symposium honoring Earll Murman and recognizing his seminal contributions to transonic aerodynamics and to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) over the past three decades. The symposium, entitled Thirty Years of CFD and Transonic Flow, was held in Everett, Washington on June 24-26, 1997. The authors were selected from among internationally known researchers working in aerodynamics and CFD, where the impact of Murman's contributions have been so important. It is the pleasure of the authors and the editors to dedicate this book to Earll in recognition of the important role he has played in our technology and in our lives. Earll Murman was born on May 12, 1942. He was raised in San Francisco, but went East to Princeton University where he received the B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in 1963, 1965, and 1967, respectively. His Ph.D. research, under the direction of Professor S. M. Bogdonoff, led to the dissertation entitled "Experimental Studies of a Laminar Hypersonic Cone Wake." He joined the Boeing Scientific Research Laboratory (BSRL) in 1967, and remained there until 1971. During this period he worked with Professor Julian Cole, who was spending a sabbatical leave from UCLA at the Boeing Laboratory. Their collaboration produced the breakthrough known as the Murman-Cole scheme, which allowed the first practical calculations of steady, transonic flow fields containing regions of supersonic flow embedded in subsonic regions. In 1971 Earll joined the NASA Ames Research Center and, in 1973, presented his fully conservative version of the Murman-Cole scheme at the first AIAA Conference on CFD, held in Palm Springs, California. His pioneering work on wind tunnel wall interference and on design and optimization also were remarkable forerunners of current attempts to develop multi-disciplinary optimization techniques. The paper describing the Murman-Cole scheme was published in the January 1971 issue of the AIAA Journal, and has been identified as a Citation Classic by Current Contents, Vol. 27, No. 45, November 9, 1987. Frontiers of Computational Fluid Dynamics - 1998 Editors: David A. Caughey k, Mohamed M. Hafez ©1998 World Scientific DEDICATION VI Murman's collaboration with Cole continued and produced another classic, their AIAA paper on Inviscid Drag at Transonic Speeds, presented in Palo Alto in 1974. In that year, Earll joined the Flow Research Company in Kent, Washington, where he became Vice President and General Manager in 1977. He moved to MIT as Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1980, and became Department Head from 1990 to 1996. Earll has served as a consultant to Calspan, United Technologies Corporation, Pratt & Whitney, General Electric Corporation, Stellar Computer Company, Kendall Square Research, and Microcraft Technology. At MIT, Earll served as Director of the Computational Fluid Dynamics Laboratory from 1980 to 1990. He chaired the Project Athena Resource Committee and, more recently, was the motive force behind Todor, a software package designed to enhance fluid mechanics curricula using computers. Earll has taught courses on Transonic Aerodynamics, Computational Fluid Mechanics, Viscous Fluids, Heat and Mass Transfer, Fluid Dynamics of Flight and Re-entry Vehicles, and has supervised numerical and experimental projects for undergraduate students. He has advised 26 undergraduates, 20 Masters level students, and 8 Ph.D. students. His research at MIT has been directed at solution of the Euler equations, including the simulation of vortical flows. He also has worked on boundary layers and their coupling with Euler calculations, chemically reacting flows, Navier-Stokes equations, and viscous hypersonic flows, as well as flow visualization techniques. He is genuinely interested in engineering education, as is clear from his publications. He has been an active participant in many committees of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Defense, and the aerospace industry, and has served as Director of the Lean Aircraft Initiative since 1995. He is a Fellow of the AIAA and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. In the first chapter of this book, Murman's technical contributions will be discussed in more detail, particularly their impact on transonic aerodynamics and CFD in general. Earll's contributions are not restricted to his technical ideas, his leadership, the courses he has taught, or his supervision of many talented students at MIT. Our community has been blessed to have a person like Earll, who has affected not only the people with whom he has worked directly over the years, but many others who have never had the pleasure of meeting him personally. It has been said that Murman opened the door for the flood of activity that followed his original contributions. Because of his vision his personality, and his generous nature, he is highly respected throughout the aerospace community. It is our hope that there will be a second conference in the future, dedicated to his continued contributions during the next 30 years. Earll M. Murman This page is intentionally left blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedication X A Review of the Contributions of Earll Murman to Transonic Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics Hafez d Caughey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Contributions to Transonic Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Contributions to CFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 The Impact of Murman's Early Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Murman's More Recent Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Concluding Remarks 1.7 Theses Supervised by Earl1 Murman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 1.8 Publications of Earl1 Murman 2 Optimal Hypersonic Conical Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triantafillou. Schwendeman 4€ Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . 2.2 Hypersonic Small Disturbance Theory; Conical Wings . . . . . . 2.3 Lift and Drag Coefficients; Figure of Merit: Conical Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Numerical and Optimization Methods . . . . 2.5 Calculated Results for Flat and Caret Wings; Optimal Wings 2.6 Acknowledgement and Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES 3 Geometry for Theoretical. Applied. and Educational Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sobieczky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 The transonic knowledge base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... 3.3 Geometry generator 3.4 Generic transport aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES CONTENTS 4 Computation of an Axisymmetric Nozzle Flow Cook. Newman. Rimbey d Schleiniger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.2 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3 Numerical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5 Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Superboom Problem Cheng 4€ Hafez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.2 Sonic Boom in Non-Isothermal Atmosphere Analyzed in a Galilean Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.3 The Superboom Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.4 Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 02 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 03 6 Complex Analysis of Transonic Flow Chen d Garabedian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 07 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.2 The hodograph transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3 Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.4 Nonlinear boundary value problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.5 Structure of the algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.6 Paths of integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6.7 Fourier analysis of the coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.8 Comparison of design with analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES 123 7 Transonic Small Transverse Perturbation Equation and its Computation Luo. Shen. d Liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25 7.2 Transonic Small Transverse Perturbation Equation . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.3 Computation of Axisymmetric Inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7.4 Multiple Solutions for Airfoil and Wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 37 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 39 8 Excitation of Absolutely Unstable Disturbances in Boundary- Layer Flows Ryzhov d Terent'ev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 41 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 41 8.2 Extended triple-deck model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.3 Linear analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 44 8.4 Computed results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.5 Theoretical arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148