SpringerWienNewYork Cover picture: Finite element analysis showing stresses around an array of (cid:2)(cid:2) ve slits modelled to study the e(cid:3)(cid:3) ect of loads on the deforma(cid:4)(cid:4)on of highly sensi(cid:4)(cid:4) ve strain sensors in the cu(cid:4)(cid:4)cular skel- eton of spiders. Friedrich G. Barth Joseph A. C. Humphrey† Mandyam V. Srinivasan Frontiers in Sensing From Biology to Engineering Friedrich G. Barth Department off Neurobiology, Faculty offLife Sciences, Universityof Vienna, Vienna, Austria Joseph A. C. Humphrey† Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlo(cid:5)(cid:5) esville, VA, USA Mandyam V. Srinivasan Queensland Brain Ins(cid:4)(cid:4)tute, University of Queensland St. Lucia, QLD, Australia This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part offthe material is concerned, specif- ically those offtransla(cid:4)(cid:4) on, reprin(cid:4)(cid:4)ng, re-use of illustra(cid:4)(cid:4)ons, broadcas(cid:4)(cid:4)ng, reproduc(cid:4)(cid:4) on byphotocopyingmachines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guaranteefor all the informa(cid:4)(cid:4) on contained in this book. The use off registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publica(cid:4)(cid:4)on does not imply, even in the absence of a speci(cid:2)(cid:2)c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec(cid:4)(cid:4)ve laws and regula(cid:4)(cid:4) ons and therefore free for general use. © 2012 Springer-Verlag/Wien SpringerWienNewYork is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.at Cover Illustra(cid:4)(cid:4) ons: © B. Hößl, H. Böhm, F. G. Rammerstorfer, F. G. Barth/ Vienna Universityof Technologyand University of Vienna TTTypese(cid:6)(cid:6) ng: Jung Crossmedia Publishing GmbH, 35633 Lahnau, Germany Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 12636488 With 186 (mostly coloured) Figures. Library off Congress Control Number: 2011936879 ISBN 978-3-211-99748-2 SpringerWienNewYork Preface Although the idea of applying princiiples electrical, magne(cid:4)(cid:4) c, mechanical and chem- found in natureto the design of engineering ical,for the detec(cid:4)(cid:4)on of light, electrical and systems has a long historyyy, only recently has magne(cid:4)(cid:4) c (cid:2)(cid:2) elds, sound, vibra(cid:4)(cid:4) ons, mo(cid:4)(cid:4)on, biomime(cid:4)(cid:4)cs begun to establish itself with pressure, strain and stress, to name a few. rapidly increasing impact in both biology Animals have many sensory capaci(cid:4)(cid:4)es alien and engineering. One off the reasons for this to our human experience, examples being development is a number of highly sophis- sensi(cid:4)(cid:4)vi(cid:4)(cid:4)es in the ultraviolet, infrared and (cid:4)(cid:4)cated technologies and analy(cid:4)(cid:4)cal methods ultrasound, electro-magne(cid:4)(cid:4) c recep(cid:4)(cid:4) on, and thathave now become available,highlighted thedetec(cid:4)(cid:4) on of skeletal strain. among others by molecular biology on the Simultaneouslyyy, remarkable advances in one hand and micro- and nano-fabrica(cid:4)(cid:4) on the areas of synthe(cid:2)(cid:2) c materials and fabri- technologies in engineering on the other. ca(cid:2)(cid:2) on techniques are making it increasingly The general interest in looking upon na- possible to design andbuildhighly sensi(cid:4)(cid:4)ve, ture as a database for possible solu(cid:4)(cid:4) ons of selec(cid:4)(cid:4) ve, and rela(cid:4)(cid:4)vely inexpensive micro-/ complex problems that have already been nano-electromechanical devices (cid:2)(cid:2) nding im- worked out by biological systems seems to portant sensory applica(cid:4)(cid:4)ons in a number of havereachedacri(cid:4)(cid:4) cal threshold from where areas including: security (detec(cid:4)(cid:4)on of air- it is rapidly expanding. and water-borne toxic materials); (cid:8)(cid:8)uid mo- There is no liifffe without sensors and sens- (cid:4)(cid:4) on sensing (in, for example, autonomous ing. Even at the level of bacteria sensory per- (cid:8)(cid:8)ying or underwater vehicles); medicine formance is already well developed, guiding (implantable drug delivery systems, analysis thecell’sac(cid:4)(cid:4) vity in its species speci(cid:2)(cid:2) c envir- of micro-/nano-liter chemical solu(cid:4)(cid:4) ons, sur- onment. Among the higher animals, hun- gical tac(cid:4)(cid:4) le gloves); the industry (nano-liter dreds off millions of years off evolu(cid:4)(cid:4) on and ampli(cid:2)(cid:2)ca(cid:4)(cid:4)on of DNA). the e(cid:3)(cid:3) ect of permanent ‘quality control’ by In order to makeee(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)ec(cid:2)(cid:2) ve use of all these selec(cid:4)(cid:4) ve pressures have (cid:2)(cid:2) ne tuned many innova(cid:2)(cid:2)on poten(cid:2)(cid:2) als, and to develop new re- sense organs to their speci(cid:2)(cid:2)c tasks with in- search strategies and new ways offthinking, credibleperfec(cid:4)(cid:4)on, some(cid:4)(cid:4)mes reaching the it is ofprime importance to intensify the dia- limits off the physically possible regarding logue among biologists, engineers, physic- sensi(cid:4)(cid:4)vity and selec(cid:4)(cid:4)vity, but also impres- al scien(cid:4)(cid:4)sts, physicians and mathema(cid:4)(cid:4) cians, sive with regard to the e(cid:7)(cid:7) cient use of mater- and to promote their actual collabora(cid:4)(cid:4) on ials and energy. Biological sensory systems and cross-disciplinary crea(cid:4)(cid:4)vity. In this re- thus have an enormous poten(cid:4)(cid:4)al for tech- gard, the demands off industry, medicine, nical, industrial and medical applica(cid:4)(cid:4)ons. and government agencies with respect to This applies to sensors specialized for many the development and applica(cid:4)(cid:4)on of sensor di(cid:3)(cid:3) erent forms of energy such as op(cid:4)(cid:4)cal, arrays,data reduc(cid:4)(cid:4) on, evalua(cid:4)(cid:4)on and com- VI Preface munica(cid:4)(cid:4) on, and actua(cid:4)(cid:4) on decisions, all in the same topic. Amongthepresent authors the presence of background noise, are nu- many par(cid:4)(cid:4)cipated in this conference which merous and increasingin importance. was generously supported by the Na(cid:4)(cid:4)onal The main goal of this bookk is to promote Science Founda(cid:4)(cid:4)on, the University of Vien- the interac(cid:4)(cid:4)on between biologists, engin- na (Faculty of Life Sciences), the US Air Force eers, physical scien(cid:4)(cid:4)sts, physicians and O(cid:7)(cid:7) ce of Scien(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:2)c Research, the University mathema(cid:4)(cid:4)cians at the fron(cid:4)(cid:4) ers of research of Virginia at Charlo(cid:5)(cid:5)esville, the US O(cid:7)(cid:7) ce of and to help prepare the ground for innova- Naval Research, and the Engineering Confer- (cid:4)(cid:4)ve lines of highly mul(cid:4)(cid:4) -disciplinary future ences Interna(cid:4)(cid:4) onal. Thank you for sharing work. Our authors represent a wide spec- our vision. We also gratefully acknowledge trum of individuals from academia, govern- the coopera(cid:4)(cid:4) on and pa(cid:4)(cid:4)ence of our authors ment laboratories, and industry. As seen and offEva Maria Oberhauser offthe editorial from the list off contents the topics treated sta(cid:3)(cid:3) of Springer-Verlag, Vienna. cover a broad spectrum of problems rang- It is with great sadness that we had to ingfromprocesses off energytransforma(cid:4)(cid:4) on accept the passing away of our dear friend and transduc(cid:4)(cid:4) on to sensor array fabrica(cid:4)(cid:4)on Pepe Humphrey early in 2010, at a point in and applica(cid:4)(cid:4) on. These di(cid:3)(cid:3)erent (cid:2)(cid:2)elds are (cid:4)(cid:4) me when the concept of our book had al- alllinked andglued together bywhat a sen- ready been worked out and the authors had sory system has to accomplish, both in biol- already started to submit their contribu(cid:4)(cid:4)ons. ogy and engineering. The main sec(cid:4)(cid:4) ons of The editorial work with the manuscripts, the book are dedicated to sensory systems howeverr, was s(cid:4)(cid:4)ll lying ahead of us. FGB did and capaci(cid:4)(cid:4)es dealing with di(cid:3)(cid:3) erent forms his best to take care off Pepe’s share off the off s(cid:4)(cid:4)mulus energy, such as vision, olfac(cid:4)(cid:4)on, work. Pepe will be remembered by many as various forms of mechanorecep(cid:4)(cid:4)on, and an outstanding person who not only very infrared and electrorecep(cid:4)(cid:4)on. Importantly, successfully promoted research collabora- there is an addi(cid:4)(cid:4)onal large sec(cid:4)(cid:4)on on bio- (cid:4)(cid:4)ons between engineering and biol ogy but inspired synthe(cid:4)(cid:4)c sensors, sensor materials also was a wonderful, warm hearted human and thefabrica(cid:4)(cid:4) on of technical sensors. being with an excep(cid:4)(cid:4)onally broad mind, We acknowledge with pleasure and gra(cid:4)(cid:4)- thinkingdeepandfullyenjoying life. tude the fundingin support off an ambi(cid:4)(cid:4) ous interna(cid:4)(cid:4) onal conference held in Cetraro/Ca- Vienna, Charlo(cid:5)(cid:5) esville VA, Brisbane, labria, Italy, in October 2008, whose success May2011 supported the idea of publishing a book on FFFriedrich G. Barth Joseph A. C. Humphrey† Mandyam V. Srinivasan Contents I. General 1. Horst Bleckmann, Adrian Klein, Gunnar Meyer Natureasmodel for technicalsensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Mandyam V. Srinivasan, Richard J. D. Moore, Saul Thurrowgood, Dean Soccol, DanielBland From biology to engineering: insect vision and applica(cid:4)(cid:4)on to robo(cid:4)(cid:4) cs . . . . . . . . . 19 II. Vision A. Seeing 3. KentaroArikawa Color sensors offbu(cid:5)(cid:5)er(cid:8)(cid:8)ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4. J. Sean Humbert, Andrew M. Hyslop Insect tangen(cid:4)(cid:4)al cell analogues and implica(cid:4)(cid:4) ons for e(cid:7)(cid:7) cient visuomotor control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57 5. Henrik Malm, Magnus Oskarsson, Eric Warrant Biologically inspired enhancement off dim light video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6. Tobi Delbruck, Shih-Chii Liu Event-based silicon re(cid:4)(cid:4) nas and cochleas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 B. Visual control 7. Holger G. Krapp, Graham K. Taylor, J. Sean Humbert The mode-sensing hypothesis: matching sensors, actuators and (cid:8)(cid:8) ight dynamics 101 8. Rafael Kurtz Adap(cid:4)(cid:4) ve encoding of mo(cid:4)(cid:4)on informa(cid:4)(cid:4) on in the(cid:8)(cid:8) y visual system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 9. Fritz-OlaffLehmann, Peter Schützner, Hao Wang Visual mo(cid:4)(cid:4) on sensing and (cid:8)(cid:8) ight path control in(cid:8)(cid:8)ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 VIII Contents III. Olfac(cid:2) on 10. Mamiko Ozaki, Midori Kidokoro-Kobayashi, Tetsutaro Hiraguchi Cu(cid:4)(cid:4) cular hydrocarbon sensillum for nestmate recogni(cid:4)(cid:4)on in ants . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 11. DeForest Mellon Jr.,Ma(cid:5)(cid:5) hew A. Reidenbach Fluid mechanical problems in crustacean ac(cid:4)(cid:4)ve chemorecep(cid:4)(cid:4) on . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 12. Joseph A. C. Humphrey††, Hossein Haj-Hariri Stagna(cid:4)(cid:4) on point(cid:8)(cid:8) ow analysis of odorant detec(cid:4)(cid:4) on by permeable moth antennae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 IV. Mechanorecep(cid:2) on A. Hearing 13. Herbert Peremans, Fons De Meyyy, Filips Schillebeeckx Man-made versusbiological in-air sonar systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 B. Touch 14. R. Blythe Towal, Brian W. Quist, Joseph H. Solomon, Mitra J. Z. Hartmann Ac(cid:4)(cid:4) ve sensing: head and vibrissal velocity during exploratory behaviors of the rat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 15. Gregory J. Gerling, Daine R. Lesniak, Elmer K. Kim Touchmechanoreceptors: modeling and simula(cid:4)(cid:4) ng the skin and receptors to predict the(cid:4)(cid:4) ming of ac(cid:4)(cid:4)on poten(cid:4)(cid:4)als . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 C. Medium mo(cid:4) on 16. Bree Cummins,Tomas Gedeon Assessing the mechanical response of groups of arthropod(cid:2)(cid:2) liform (cid:8)(cid:8)ow sensors 239 D. Strain and substrate mo(cid:4) on 17. FriedrichG. Barth Spider straindetec(cid:4)(cid:4)on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 18. Peter M. Narins, Urban B. Willi The golden mole middle ear: a sensor for airborne and substrate-borne vibra(cid:4)(cid:4)ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 19. Thomas Daniel,Zane Aldworth,Armin Hinterwirth,Jessica Fox Insect iner(cid:4)(cid:4)al measurement units: gyroscopic sensing of body rota(cid:4)(cid:4)on . . . . . . . . 287 Contents IX V. Infrared and electro-recep(cid:2) on 20. Helmut Schmitz, Herbert Bousack Designing a(cid:8)(cid:8)uidic infrared detector based on the photomechanic infrared sensilla inpyrophilousbeetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 21. Gerhardvon der Emde Remote electrical sensing: detec(cid:4)(cid:4)on and analysis of objects by weakly electric (cid:2)(cid:2) shes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 22. Masashi Kawasaki Microsecond and millisecond(cid:4)(cid:4) me processing in weakly electric (cid:2)(cid:2) shes . . . . . . . . 327 VI. Bioinspired sensors, sensor materials and fabrica(cid:2) on 23. MichaelE. McConneyyy, Vladimir V. Tsukruk Synthe(cid:4)(cid:4)c materials for bio-inspired (cid:8)(cid:8) ow-responsive structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 24. Katsiaryna Prudnikova, Marcel Utz Polyelectrolytehydrogels as electromechanical transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 25. LiviuMovileanu Single-molecule detec(cid:4)(cid:4)on of proteins using nanopores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 26. Hyuk Rok Gwon, Seong Hyuk Lee Anumerical approach to surfaceplasmon resonance sensor design with high sensi(cid:4)(cid:4) vity using single and bimetallic(cid:2)(cid:2) lm structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 27. Sebas(cid:4)(cid:4) an Große, Wolfgang Schröder De(cid:8)(cid:8)ec(cid:4)(cid:4)on-based(cid:8)(cid:8) ow(cid:2)(cid:2) eld sensors – examples and requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 28. Nima Izadi, Gijs J. M. Krijnen Design and fabrica(cid:4)(cid:4)on process for ar(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:2)cial lateral line sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Listof contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 About theeditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 General I