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Frontiers in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of Computer Graphics Tokyo ’84 PDF

450 Pages·1985·22.884 MB·English
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PlateA Plate B Plates A and Ba re computer -generated images 01 two woodcut prints selected out 01 aseries 01 landscapes, Thirty-Six Views 01 Mt. Fuji, made by Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849). He is one 01 Japan's most lamous ukiyo-e artist 01 the Tokugawa Shogun era (1615-1868), and is best known lor this series. Ukiyo-e literally means "pictures 01 the Iloating world", and depicts everyday lile 01 ordinary people in woodcut prints. The word "floating" also meant "modern" and ukiyo-e artists created very fashionable style 01 pictures including those shown here. Creation of ukiyo-e images in computer graphics required a lot of skills such as simulating woodcut printing-and paint brush-effects. These images were generated under the direction 01 Prof. Dr. Tosiyasu L. Kunii by the lollowing members 01 the Kunii Laboratory of Computer Science at the University of Tokyo, Mr. Naohiro Oshima, Mr. Tsukasa Noma, Mr. Kazunori Yamaguchi, Mr. Naota Inamoto and Miss Yukari Shirota. The equipment used was provided by the Software Research Center of Ricoh Co., Ud., and consists of Seillac-3 graphic systems, VAX 11/780 and 11/750 computers running UNIX (UCB 4.2 bsd version) and a Summagraphics digitizing tablet. All programs are written in C language. Plate A is Kanagawa-Oki Nami-Ura, or "Stormy Sea off Kanagawa", and leatures boats being tossed on raging waves with Mr. Fuji in the background. Plate B isAka Fuji, literally "The Red Mt. Fuji", olten known as "Mt. Fuji on a Fine Day with Breeze." Frontiers in Computer Graphics Proceedings of Computer Graphics Tokyo '84 Edited by Tosiyasu L. Kunii With 266 Figures 82 of them in Color Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York 1985 Dr. Tosiyasu L. Kunii Professor & Director Kunii Laboratory of Computer Science Department of Information Science Faculty of Science The University of Tokyo ISBN-13 :978-4-431-68027-7 e-ISBN-13 :978-4-431-68025-3 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-68025-3 Ubrary of Congress Card No.: 84-23637 All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © by Springer-Verlag Tokyo 1985 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1985 Preface Computer graphics as a whole is an area making very fast progress and it is not easy for anyone, including experts, to keep abreast of the frontiers of its various basic and application fields. By issuing over 100 thousand calls for papers through various journals and magazines as weil as by inviting reputed specialists, and by selecting high quality papers which present the state of the art in computer graphics out of many papers thus received, this book "Frontiers in Computer Graphics" has been compiled to present the substance of progress in this field. This volume serves also as the final version of the Proceedings of Computer Graphics Tokyo '84, Tokyo, Japan, April 24-27, 1984 which, as a whole, attracted 16 thousand participants from all over the world; about two thousand to the conference and the remaining 14 thousand to the exhibition. This book covers the following eight major frontiers of computer graphics in 29 papers: 1. geometry modelling, 2. graphie languages, 3. visualization techniques, 4. human factors, 5. interactive graphics design, 6. CAD/CAM, 7. graphie displays and peripherals, and 8. graphics standardization. Geometry modelling is most essential in displaying any objects in computer graphics. It determines the basic capabilities of computer graphics systems such as whether the surface and the inside of the object can be displayed and also how efficiently graphical processing can be done in terms of processing time and memory space. Various advanced geometry models such as surface models, solid models and surface/solid interface models are presented by six papers to cover the essential technological breakthrough in this area. Graphie languages are devices for users to actually handle graphical objects based on geometry modelling. Two advanced high level languages are presented. The first one is a high level data flow language. This provides designers with a natural and concise way of parallel manipulation of graphie objects. An application example shown is the simulation of a robot manipulator movement wh ich involves parallel control of several joints. The other language presented is Mira-Shading. This is a structured high levellanguage for synthesizing and animating realistic images. Mira-Shading has been used to produce computer animated movies. As you see, advanced languages drive 3D geometry models interactively to generate images of moving bodies on graphie displays. Visualization techniques show you varieties of approaches wh ich have been developed to present information graphically. Four papers cover cases of visualizing dynamic phenomena (such as material flow) and geographie relief, and also methods to realize artistic visual etfects. vi Human factors are weil known as a typical area which is still under development in spite of their importance. Starting from human factor design and evaluation iIIustrated by the first paper, we look into human factor aspects of input peripherals wh ich is roughly sketched in the second paper, and finish up with user interface design supported by geometric models as described in the last paper. Interactive graphics design is another human-oriented technical area. Two papers give overviews of graphics design, one on an educational aspect and the other on an office automation application. Advances in CAO/CAM, one of the fastest growing industrial application areas of computer graphics, are extensively covered by five papers. The first two papers iIIustrate the status of 30 CAO/CAM in practice at factories. The third paper is a case study of the artistic use of CAO in bottle design. A very advanced VLSI CAO system is presented by the fourth paper. The last paper concludes the story by looking into the future of CAO in the context of fifth generation systems. As you see, 30 CAO/CAM is growing into an actual practice area with some of the flavor of artists' dreams. Reflecting the rapid progress of VLSI technology, graphic displays and peripherals are becoming more and more versatile in their functions and more economically accessible by the increasing number of users, including personal computer users. A new intelligent 30 graphic display architecture with image processing capability is presented by the first paper. The second paper describes the architecture of a pipelined very high speed image analyser for real-time image processing. The third paper is on a graphic output peripheral. It reports an experimental development of a low cost color hard copier using an ink jet printer. The fourth and last paper proposes a new graphic input device based on a mechanical feedback touch sensor. The last area covered is graphics standardization. Reflecting recent progress of graphics standardization activities within ISO (the International Standardization Organization), the first two papers talk about the commercial implications and applications of ISO's graphics standard GKS (the Graphics Kernel System). The last paper looks into the problems of and requirements for standardizing animation commands. This is a good example of the recent rapid increase in social needs for standardization. Computer graphics is a young area, and still making very fast progress. I believe this volume helps the readers to catch up with its major progress. Tosiyasu L. Kunii, Editor Cover Design: Botanical tree images are drawn by the 3D Botanical Tree Image Generator, developed by M. Aono and TL Kunii at the University of Tokyo, sponsored by Software Research Center of Ricoh Co., Ud. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Geometry Modelling .................................................... . A Hierarchical Data Structure tor Representing the Spatial Decomposition ot 3D Objects (I. Carlbom, I. Chakravarty, D. Vanderschel) .................................. 2 Boundary File Generation trom Octree Encoding (K. Yamaguchi, T. Satoh, T.L. Kunii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 A Representation ot Solid Design Process Using Basic Operations (H. Chiyokura, F. Kimura) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 Bridge Edge and Triangulation Approach in Solid Modeling (F. Yamaguchi, T. Tokieda) ................................................ 44 A Procedure tor Generating Contour Lines trom a B-Spline Surface (S.G. Satterfield, D.F. Rogers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66 An Automated Finite Polygon Division Method ot 3D Objects (Y. Ota, H. Arai, S. Tokumasu, T. Ochi) ...................................... 74 Chapter 2 Graphie Languages ..................................................... 89 A Data Flow Language tor Intelligent Graphie Displays (N. Inamoto, K. Yamaguchi, T.L. Kunii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90 MIRA-Shading: A Structured Language tor the Synthesis and the Animation ot Realistic Images (N. Magnenat-Thalmann, M. Fortin, L. Langlois, D. Thalmann) ................... 101 Chapter 3 Visualization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115 "Steam Plume" Simulation (H. Kishino, K. Tanaka) ................................................... 116 viii Computer Graphics Techniques for Three-Dimensional Flow Visualization (K.A. Kroos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129 Geomatic: A 3-D Graphie Relief Simulation System (S. Motet, D. Laurent) ..................................................... 146 Realistic Effects with Rodin (H. Huitric, M. Nahas) ..................................................... 159 Chapter 4 Human Factors 169 Human Factors Redesign and Test of a Graphics System (P. Reisner, G.G. Langdon, Jr.) ............................................. 170 Toward the Standardization of Input Peripherals in the Urbanistic Design Process and Person-Machine Interaction (M. Salvemini) ........................................................... 188 User Interface Management System with Geometrie Modeling Capability: A CAD System's Framework (T. Takala) .............................................................. 198 Chapter 5 Interactive Graphics Design 211 Critical Issues in Computer Graphics Education for Graphics Design (R.G. King) .............................................................. 212 New Office Automation Environment: In-House Graphics and Publishing Capabilities (A. Bernhard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224 Chapter 6 CAD/CAM .............................................................. 239 A Practical Application of a Computer to Industrial Design (K. Hatakenaka, M. Yano, A. Kotani, K. Yamada, M. Ishibashi, Y. Shibui, Y. Kugai, K.M. Jones, K. Kobori, K. Sakashita) ................................ 240 Development of a Total 3D CAD/CAM System for Electric Appliances (K. Kobori, Y. Nagata, Y. Sato, K.M. Jones, I. Nishioka) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 254 Bottle Design Arts System (Y. Sato, M. Akeo) ....................................................... 266 Interactive VLSI Chip Floor Design Using Color Graphics (K. Ueda, Kitazawa, I. Harada) ............................................. 281 On Fifth Generation Systems and Their Implications for Computer Aided Design (D.B. Arnold) ............................................................ 294 ix Chapter 7 Graphie Displays and Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 309 New Trends in Graphie Display System Architecture (E.M. Kaya) ............................................................. 310 Morphological Binary Image Processing with a Local Neighborhood Pipeline Processor (W.K. Pratt, I. Kabir) ...................................................... 321 Continuous Color Presentation Using a Low-Cost Ink Jet Printer (S. Kubo) ............................................................... 344 Mechanically Feedbacked Touch Sensor tor Electronic Painting by Skilled People (S. Kimura) ............................................................. 354 Chapter 8 Graphies Standardization 361 GKS, a Standard tor Software OEMs (C.N. Waggoner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 362 A Standards Solution to Your Graphics Problems (M.G. Rawlins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375 Standardization ot Animation Commands tor Computer Animation System (H. Sato) ............................................................... 417 Author Index ........................................................... 431 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 439 List of Contributors The page numbers given below reter to the page on which contribution begins. Makoto Akeo 266 Monique Nahas 159 Hiroshi Arai 74 Ikuo Nishioka 254 David B. Arnold 294 Toshio Ochi 74 Alice Bernhard 224 Yoshimi Ota 74 Ingrid Carlbom 2 William K. Pratt 321 Indranil Chakravarty 2 Mark G. Rawlins 375 Hiroaki Chiyokura 26 Phyllis Reisner 170 Mario Fortin 10 1 David F. Rogers 66 Ikuo Harada 281 Kiyoshi Sakashita 240 Kenji Hatakenaka 240 Mauro Salvemini 188 Herve Huitric 159 Hidemaru Sato 417 Naota Inamoto 90 Yoshinobu Sato 254 Manabu Ishibashi 240 Yoshio Sato 266 Kenneth M. Jones 240,254 Toshiaki Satoh 13 Ihtisham Kabir 321 Steven G. Satterfield 66 Ender M. Kaya 310 Yuichi Shibui 240 Fumihiko Kimura 26 Tapio Takala 198 Shigeru Kimura 354 Katsumi Tanaka 116 Robin G. King 212 Daniel Thalmann 101 Hirohiko Kishino 116 Toshiya Tokieda 44 Hitoshi Kitazawa 281 Shinji Tokumasu 74 Kenichi Kobori 240, 254 Kazuhiro Ueda 281 Akio Kotani 240 David Vanderschel 2 Kenneth A. Kroos 129 Clinton N. Waggoner 362 Sachio Kubo 344 Kazuo Yamada 240 Yutaka Kugai 240 Fujio Yamaguchi 44 Tosiyasu L. Kunii 13, 90 Kazunori Yamaguchi 13, 90 Gien G. Langdon, Jr. 170 Motokuni Yano 240 Louis Langlois 101 Daniel Laurent 146 Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann 101 Serge Motet 146

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