Progress in Optical Science and Photonics Series Editor: Javid Atai Malini Olivo U. S. Dinish Editors Frontiers in Biophotonics for Translational Medicine In the Celebration of Year of Light (2015) Progress in Optical Science and Photonics Volume 3 Series editor Javid Atai The purpose of the series Progress in Optical Science and Photonics is to provide a forum to disseminate the latest research findings in various areas of Optics and its applications. The intended audience is physicists, electrical and electronic engineers, applied mathematicians, and advanced graduate students. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10091 Malini Olivo • U. S. Dinish Editors Frontiers in Biophotonics for Translational Medicine In the Celebration of Year of Light (2015) 123 Editors Malini Olivo U. S. Dinish Agency for Science, Technology Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore ISSN 2363-5096 ISSN 2363-510X (electronic) Progress in Optical Science and Photonics ISBN 978-981-287-626-3 ISBN 978-981-287-627-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-627-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015942476 Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword I The UN proclaimed 2015 as the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies, emphasizing achievements in the optical sciences and their impor- tance to humankind. Light in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectral region is a fundamental tool of human inquiry. This miniscule region of the vast electro- magnetic spectrum is the only one that provides molecular information directly. Because molecules are the building blocks of life, the importance of light in the life sciences and medicine cannot be overemphasized. Man-made high-resolution optical imaging dates to 350 years ago, when planar optical microscopy enabled visualization of subcellular structures, the basis of histology. However, light scattering in biological tissue presents a multitude of challenges to optical penetration. Wavefront aberration limits planar microscopy to tens of microns of penetration. Three centuries later, the advent of the laser and other new light sources enabled a host of new microscopic technologies. Tomographic optical microscopy—such as confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, and optical coherence tomography—beats the wavefront aberration limit by suppressing multi-scattered signals, but is still limited by diffusion to *1 mm of penetration. Three-dimensional photoacoustic microscopy and photoacoustic computed tomography have conquered the diffusion limit by com- bining diffuse-light excitation and unscattered ultrasonic wave detection and advanced the penetration limit by nearly two orders of magnitude. Currently, penetration is confined only by dissipation. Wavefront engineering with internal guide stars, a nascent innovation, promises to shatter the dissipation limit and approach the absorption limit for whole-body penetration in human tissue. This timely book highlights selected advances in biomedical optical technologies made toward translational biomedicine. The chapters are contributed by thought leaders responsible for cutting-edge developments in their areas of research. The technologies that have been commercialized for clinical or preclinical applications include optical coherence tomography, fluorescence lifetime micros- copy, photoacoustic microscopy, and photoacoustic computed tomography. v vi Foreword I Upcoming technologies with excellent translation potential include Raman spec- troscopy, plasmonic sensing, nanoparticle-enhanced endoscopy, in situ gas spec- troscopy, and diffuse optics. Also important is the chapter from a leading medical instrumentation company, highlighting their view of optical imaging in clinical laparoscopic surgery. While the twentieth century was revolutionized by physical sciences, this cen- tury will belong to engineering and life sciences. As an interface between these disciplines, biomedical optics is particularly exciting. Our field will undoubtedly see even greater fruition by leveraging the previous century’s invention—such as large-scale semiconductors, computers, lasers, nanotechnology, and ultrafast detectors. Let us join hands and use light to eradicate the most challenging diseases and make the world a healthier place to live. Prof. Lihong V. Wang Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University, USA Foreword II Optical imaging is not an emerging technology anymore in the world of molecular imaging. This book is a perfect testament of the advent of a new era in optical bioimaging and biosensing development which has already shown its impact in preclinical research, cancer detection, drug development, prognosis and diagnosis, image-guided therapies at the bedside, and many other areas of biomedicine. The potential of optical imaging remains considerable. Modern personalized medicine calls for noninvasive and nonionizing high performance imaging methods, to preserve cell integrity and allow harmless repeated explorations over time. Optical imaging meets increasingly those requirements with the rapid advances in bio- photonics which provide cost-effective methods allowing deeper penetration into tissues and organs and ever-increasing specificity and resolution. These methods offer other significant competitive advantages: they are amenable to combination with other imaging modalities such as MRI and they can be used label-free or in conjunction with versatile intrinsic and extrinsic metabolic/chemical probes, dyes, conjugates, and contrast media to document in a targeted manner, cell physiology and function, molecular mechanisms, and gene expression. In this context, this book is particularly timely, especially when its publication occurs in 2015, the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies. It has been assembled by two world leading specialists in biophotonics, Professor Olivo and Dr. Dinish in Singapore, who have been successful in gathering contributions from the best international experts in the field of advanced optical imaging. The 11 chapters cover selected hot topics illustrating the high translational potential of biophotonics together with several actual transfers from bench to bedside. No doubt this opus will be of utmost interest for scientists and clinicians, both specialists and newcomers in this exciting field of modern optical bioimaging methods and their applications to medicine. Prof. Patrick J. Cozzone Executive Director of the Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore vii Contents 1 Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging Techniques in Medical Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Dimitris Gorpas and Laura Marcu 2 Translational Photoacoustic Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Yong Zhou and Lihong V. Wang 3 Advances in Optoacoustic Imaging: From Benchside to Clinic . . . 75 Chris Jun Hui Ho, Neal C. Burton, Stefan Morscher, U. S. Dinish, Josefine Reber, Vasilis Ntziachristos and Malini Olivo 4 Raman Spectroscopy Techniques: Developments and Applications in Translational Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Kenny Kong and Ioan Notingher 5 Deep Tissue Hemodynamic Monitoring Using Diffuse Optical Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Jing Dong, Renzhe Bi and Kijoon Lee 6 High Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography for Bio-Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Jianhua Mo, Xiaojun Yu and Linbo Liu 7 Handheld Probe-Based Dual Mode Ultrasound/Photoacoustics for Biomedical Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Mithun Kuniyil Ajith Singh, Wiendelt Steenbergen and Srirang Manohar ix x Contents 8 Plasmonic Exosome Biosensors for Medical Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 249 Agnes T. Reiner, Koji Toma, Alain R. Brisson, Dietmar Pils, Wolfgang Knoll and Jakub Dostalek 9 Nanoparticle-Enabled Optical Endoscopy: Extending the Frontiers of Diagnosis and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Brian C. Wilson and Santa Borel 10 Monitoring Free Gas In Situ for Medical Diagnostics Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Katarina Svanberg and Sune Svanberg 11 Next Frontier in Optical Imaging Techniques for Laparoscopic Surgery: An Industry Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Ignatius J. Rasiah and Margaret Groves