PaperID#15745 From Undergraduates to Ambassadors: The Impact of Engineering Ambas- sador Network Training Dr. JoannaK.Garner,OldDominionUniversity Dr. Garner is Associate Director for Program Development and a Research Associate Professor in The CenterforEducationalPartnershipsatOldDominionUniversity,VA. Mr. MichaelAlley,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity-UniversityPark MichaelAlleyisanassociateprofessorofengineeringcommunicationatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity. HeistheauthorofTheCraftofScientificPresentations(Springer-Verlag,2013)andfounderoftheweb- siteWritingGuidelinesforEngineeringandScience(writing.engr.psu.edu),whichreceivesmorethan1 millionpagedownloadseachyear. Ms. ChristineHaas,EngineeringAmbassadorsNetwork ChristineHaasbringstenyearsofexperienceworkinginmarketingandcommunicationswithafocuson thescienceandengineeringfields. She’sheldpositionsasthedirectorofmarketingforDrexel’sCollege ofEngineeringanddirectorofoperationsforWorcesterPolytechnicInstitute-Engineering. Now, as CEO of Christine Haas Consulting, LLC, Christine travels around the world teaching courses to scientists and engineers on presentations and technical writing. She has taught clients across gov- ernment, industryand higher education, including Texas Instruments, Brookhaven National Laboratory, European Southern Observatory (Chile), Simula Research Laboratory (Norway) and the University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign. Christine works closely with Penn State University faculty Michael Alley (The Craft of Scientific Presentations and The Craft of Scientific Writing) and Melissa Marshall (TED, ”TalkNerdytoMe”)onthesecourses. ChristineisalsothedirectoroftheEngineeringAmbassadorsNetwork,astart-uporganizationat25plus universitiesworldwidethatteachespresentationskillstoundergraduateengineeringstudents,particularly womenandunderrepresentedgroupsinengineering. TheseEngineeringAmbassadorsdevelopvaluable leadershipandcommunicationskills,whichtheyapplythroughengineeringoutreachtomiddleandhigh schoolstudents. ChristinereceivedherMBAinmarketingandinternationalbusinessfromDrexelUniversityandherBA inEnglishandfilmfromDickinsonCollege. Dr. AviKaplan,TempleUniversity (cid:13)cAmericanSocietyforEngineeringEducation,2016 From Undergraduates to Engineering Ambassadors: The Impact of Engineering Ambassadors Network Training Joanna K. Garner1 The Center for Educational Partnerships Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508 [email protected] Michael Alley College of Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 [email protected] Christine Haas Engineering Ambassadors Network [email protected] Avi Kaplan Educational Psychology Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19122 [email protected] 1Corresponding author. From Undergraduates to Engineering Ambassadors: The Impact of Engineering Ambassadors Network Training Abstract The Engineering Ambassadors Network Training is a two-and-a-half day intensive professional development event for students who have been accepted into an Engineering Ambassador program. The workshop format was originally conceived as a vehicle for training new ambassadors to deliver messages about the immense potential of engineering. Training focuses on creating outreach presentations that achieve maximum impact through advanced communication techniques. Post-workshop surveys reveal high levels of perceived confidence and readiness. However, deeper insights into the impact of the training have arisen from post- workshop interviews, in which participants report that the experience is transformative and that the Engineering Ambassador mission has much meaning for them personally and professionally. Articulating the nature and implications of such impacts is the focus of this paper. The study described in this paper uses the Dynamic Systems Model of Role Identity (DSMRI) to analyze interviews with six purposefully diverse participants. The research was guided by three questions: How do components of individuals’ role identities combine to inform the motivation to become an Engineering Ambassador? How does the training crystallize students’ self-perceptions of themselves as professionals and ambassadors for the field of engineering? Which features of the workshop emerge as the most powerful experiences for triggering the formulation of an Engineering Ambassador role identity? Analyses reveal students’ substantial personal investment in their role as an engineering student and an emerging ambassador. The decision to participate is often driven by personal interests and experiences, and is tied to a deep sense of importance for the work. Similarly, choice of presentation topic is also often personal. Presentation skills reveal new courses of future action; ambassadors describe increases in confidence and many report using the skills immediately. Opportunities to meet other ambassadors are singled out as a major benefit, and students use newly acquired programmatic knowledge to shape the role expectations at their institution. Although not necessarily generalizable to each participating ambassador, the findings of this study reveal how Engineering Ambassadors Network training leverages the emerging professional role identities of engineering students. It offers insights into training program features that increase new participants’ commitments to the mission of the organization and the field of engineering as a whole. Introduction To meet the challenges of a society that faces increasing global competition and a shortage of qualified individuals, today’s engineers and educators must recruit and retain capable tomorrow’s professionals and must equip them with excellent technical, communication, and leadership skills. However, many middle and high school students fail to develop the knowledge or else relinquish the passion needed to follow a STEM career path that involves engineering. Part of the problem is the public’s misunderstanding and lack of interest in the work of engineers. Nearly a decade ago, the document Changing the Conversation [1] synthesized the “image” problem faced by the field of engineering, and designed a series of solution “messages” that were found to be effective in piquing the interest of diverse groups of middle and high school students. One of the calls to action in the document was for engineering outreach groups to meet with K-12 students and to frame their visits using the Changing the Conversation messages. Today, a critical part of the mission of many STEM outreach organizations is to teach students about the ways in which engineers contribute to society, solve problems, and work with others. Such programs have been shown to improve middle and high school students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards engineering [2]. One such organization is the Engineering Ambassadors Network. A collaboration among more than 30 universities, the network is united by three goals. These are: to train undergraduate engineering students to effectively communicate their knowledge and passion for engineering topics and the possibilities that engineering brings; to diversify those ambassadors in order to provide role models for future generations of engineering students; and to provide outreach to middle and high schools so that students can learn more about engineering, and can experience Changing the Conversation messages infused into presentations about engineering and science topics. Currently, there are nearly 500 engineering ambassadors enrolled in participating universities across the United States. A little more than half of them are women and one-third are of a minority ethnicity. The Network trains these students through a 2.5 day workshop. Pairs of students use their time to prepare their first formal engineering ambassador outreach presentation, which must be between 10 and 15 minutes in length and which can segue into a demonstration or hands-on activity. Workshop sessions include instruction in strategies for creating and delivering an effective presentation, multiple opportunities to practice and receive feedback that can informs subsequent versions of the presentation, and at larger workshops, opportunities to network with students from other universities. This study represents an analysis of post-workshop interviews from a small sub-sample (n=6) of the 170 participants who participated in the 2015 annual northeast regional workshop. We were particularly interested in the impact that the training might have on students’ emerging identities as engineering ambassadors. Identity formation is associated with the exploration and commitment to particular goals, values and courses of action. Thus, we sought to understand students’ initial identities as undergraduate students, their experiences of the workshop in the role of participant, and their goals and commitments as ambassadors. Our findings are not intended to be representative of all participants, but are intended to offer insights into the interplay among students’ existing identities as students and future engineers, and their newly forming identities as leaders and ambassadors for the field of engineering. Literature Review. The Engineering Ambassadors Network is a professional development organization with an outreach mission [3]. Although designed to provide services to the university and surrounding school districts, Network aims include the development of communication and leadership skills among its members. In addition to these skills, it may be that membership of the organization promotes students’ professional identity development. According to Ibarra [4] professional identity includes a “relatively stable and enduring constellation of attributes, believes, values, motives and experiences” that students can use to “define themselves in a professional role” (p.2). Early phase professional identity development can influence the course of individuals’ remaining careers [5] and some have called for professional identity development to be explicitly included in higher education curricula [6]. The degree to which an ambassador program can offer opportunities for professional identity development remains an underexplored question. Research on the impact of ambassador programs has tended to focus on changes in the perceptions and attitudes possessed by members of the outreach audience [2]. However, there is some evidence to suggest that ambassador membership does benefit the undergraduate students and their burgeoning sense of themselves as professionals, which involves a commitment to serving “the public with specialized knowledge and skills through commitment to the field’s public purposes and ethical standards” [7]. For example, Anagnos and colleagues [8] surveyed students in two such programs and found reported benefits including exploration of career goals, a sense of belonging to the engineering community, and a perception that they were making a difference in the lives of others. In engineering, it may be argued that individuals from minority groups (women, individuals of color) benefit especially from professional development opportunities that promote a sense of community and reveal the pro-social side to a profession [9-10]. Moreover, because adopting a professional identity requires assimilation of ways of acting, behaving and self-identifying according to a particular community or group of individuals [11], women and minority ambassadors may also benefit from experiences that strengthen their perceived integration into the field of engineering. Accordingly, they might crystallize strong and clearly identifiable professional goals, self-perceptions of competence and interest in engineering, and planned courses of action that will promote continued involvement in engineering. One study of women engineers 15 years post-graduation suggests that the degree to which women engineers can integrate and align their professional with other role identities explains differences between those who stay versus those who leave the profession [12]. Since activities that promote a sense of affiliation with the area of study and possible career options after graduation [9], it seems that professional identity development might play a role in both short and long term persistence in engineering, particularly for under-represented groups. Theoretical Framework. The theoretical framework for the study is a socio-cultural and narrative approach to the study of identity. Specifically, we used the Dynamic Systems Model of Role Identity (DSMRI) [13] as a guide to understanding the complexity of the social roles that engineering students experience and hold during their training to become ambassadors. The theory assigned role as the primary unit of analysis. Role is a label that represents a formal (e.g. engineer, advisor, teacher, student) or informal (learner, colleague, friend) social role. The role provides a meaningful organizing theme within the individual’s narrative statements about their experiences. The DSMRI includes four identity components as the core of the role identity. One component is self-perceptions – aspects of the self within a particular role including self- described characteristics, abilities, preferences, interests, and knowledge. A second component is purpose and goals – expressions of a person’s purpose for action in the role and the goals that might relate to that purpose. A third component is beliefs – knowledge and conceptions that are stated as being true about the world or about a domain, such as engineering. The fourth component is action possibilities – plans, intentions, strategies, and behaviors that the individual feels are possible or impossible in the role. These four components emerge continuously through social interactions in different contexts, and interact in a dynamic fashion among themselves, and with analogous components that belong to other important roles of the person. The four components interact dynamically to form the basis for motivated decision making and action in the role. For example, a student might have a particular set of beliefs about the field of engineering such as it is misperceived by the public, or beliefs about others, such as the capacity of women and girls to participate and contribute to engineering fields. These beliefs might align with the student’s personal and professional goals of becoming a professional engineer who can reach out to others about the nature of the field and the importance of broadening participation. The student might possess a self-perception as a champion of both pro-social applications of engineering activities and as someone who has overcome the odds to become a female engineering student. Her action possibilities might include joining the engineering ambassadors program in order to conduct outreach visits to middle and high schools to share her knowledge and passion for engineering. Taking action as an ambassador might in turn impact her beliefs about how and why individuals decide to stay or leave the STEM pipeline in school. Actions might also impact her self-perceptions about her capacity to influence and lead others, thus strengthening her professional goals of achieving a leadership and mentorship position in engineering career. This might lead to further action possibilities of becoming a senior ambassador, and perhaps looking into engineering management as a future career goal. In this hypothetical case, all of these role identity components are in alignment. Moreover, different other roles, such as that of undergraduate student (and the imagined role of future engineer) are integrated with the role of the ambassador. Unlike a case when these roles are in tension with one another, in this hypothetical case they support one another and contribute to motivated decision making in all these domains. Becoming and remaining an engineering ambassador may require effortful participation in time- consuming extra-curricular activities and motivation in the face of potential tensions among roles such as ambassador, student, friend, teammate, and part-time worker. The engineering ambassador role is most likely to persist, the model predicts, if alignment exists within a role identity and if integration exists across role identities. We therefore sought clues to the origin of students’ motivation to participate in the program as well as clues as to how and why they might seek to integrate their new role as ambassador with existing ones by studying the four identity components within the presence of multiple roles: undergraduate engineering student, workshop participant, and engineering ambassador. The Present Study. We characterize the training event as an instance of transition from undergraduate to engineering ambassador. To understand this transition, we seek to understand how the students negotiate their identities through their shifting roles from pre- to post- workshop experiences [14]. Our study is a multiple case study of experiences recalled from a naturalistic setting (the workshop). Case study, a frequently employed qualitative research technique, permits the study of a phenomenon within a context over which the researcher has little control, and when the phenomenon is studied within a real life rather than a laboratory setting [15]. The case study approach is particularly useful for program evaluation, which was the underlying context for data collection from the workshop events. We approached the analysis of individual cases using directed content analysis [16] and model-derived deductive coding [17]. We used an inductive approach to generate themes and categories of activity in order to answer research questions about the areas of the workshop that were particularly meaningful for participants. Our overall goal was to deepen our understanding about the impact of the engineering ambassador workshop on its undergraduate engineering student participants. Our research questions were threefold: (1) How do components of individuals’ role identities align to inform the motivation to become an engineering ambassador? (2) How does the training crystallize students’ role identities as professionals and ambassadors for the field of engineering? (3) Which features of the workshop emerge as the most powerful experiences for triggering the formulation of an engineering ambassador role identity? Method Participants. A diverse sub-set of participants was selected, reflecting differences in gender (n=3 male, n=3 female); ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino = 1, African American = 1, Caucasian = 4) school type (large northeastern state universities = 3, mid-size eastern state university = 2, small, northeastern, faith based college = 1); engineering major (electrical engineering = 1, bio engineering = 1, environmental engineering = 1, general engineering = 2, material science engineering = 1); and maturity of EA program (existing program = 3, new program = 3). All but one participant was new to the Engineering Ambassadors program. The one participant who was beginning his second semester of participation was attending the workshop for the first time. Participants were of traditional college age for their semester standing. Table 1. Participant Summary Pseudonym Demographic features Alex Male, Sophomore, Engineering with a minor in Robotics, Caucasian Fisher Male, Sophomore, Material Science Engineering, Hispanic James Male, Sophomore, Electrical Engineering, Caucasian Carla Female, Senior, Environmental Engineering, Caucasian Hope Female, Freshman, Bioengineering, African American Martha F emale, Sophomore, Engineering, Caucasian Procedure. After providing informed consent, participants were interviewed over the phone by the first author at a time within two weeks of the workshop. The call was audio-recorded and transcribed. The interview protocol was semi-structured. It included a series of open-ended questions with follow-up questions permitted for clarification purposes. The interview included the following questions: 1. How was it that you decided to become an engineering major? a. What was it about X that interested you? b. What do you see yourself doing in the future? 2. How did you choose X university/X program? 3. How did you become involved with the engineering ambassadors? 4. How did you prepare for the workshop? 5. Please tell me about your experiences of the workshop, from beginning to end. a. Prompts were provided if necessary, e.g. “What happened on Saturday?” and “Tell me more about your presentation topic.” 6. What were some of the biggest highlights for you of the weekend? 7. What were some of the biggest challenges or dilemmas that you faced? 8. Moving forward into the school year, how do you see yourself in the role of engineering ambassador? 9. Do you have any feedback for the engineering ambassador leadership team? a. Is there any way that the workshop could be improved? 10. Do you have any questions for me? Coding. The coding scheme for model-guided (deductive) coding was developed by the first two authors and represented an adaptation from an existing codebook utilized elsewhere [18]. Thorough reading of the six transcripts was used to establish and finalize the codebook. The coding scheme uses role as the unit of analysis – the label of a formal or informal social role that provides a meaningful organizational theme in the narrative and for which there are data for some if not all components of the DSMRI. Role identities were established by reading through each transcript several times and identifying the roles that were present in the narrative. In all six cases, the following roles emerged (1) Undergraduate Engineering Student (which included future professional or engineer) (2) Workshop Participant (3) Engineering Ambassador. The transcribed interviews were coded by the first author, with the second author acting as an auditor and reviewer. Within each role, statements were coded at the sentence level as representing components of a particular role identity (Table 2). In addition to role identity coding at the component level, transcripts were examined for statements relating to the social context of the workshop. Statements were highlighted and excerpted from the transcript if they referred to interactions with students from the home school or other schools, interactions with mentors or facilitators, and observations of characteristics of other students or the programs that they represented. Table 2. Codebook Excerpt Component and Definition Example Self-perceptions: Statements that Self-perceptions in the role of student/future include reference to the self in professional: relation to the role. This includes “When I went to high school they really didn’t have a lot how the person defines him or of math and science.” (studying) “chemistry and herself in the role, what he or she engineering at the same time and I am absolutely loving thinks about herself in the role, it.” and how he or she thinks about Self-perceptions in the role of participant: “I wasn’t her own functioning in that role. real nervous…because we knew what we were talking These include self-perceived about.” abilities, personal values and “I felt a lot more confident in my presentation skills.” interests, personality attributes, Self-perceptions in the role of ambassador: and other self-characteristics. “I like to give advice.” “I really felt like there was a connection with other engineers from across the U.S.” Purpose and Goals: Statements Purpose and Goals in the role of student/future that express the person’s purpose professional: for action in the role as well as “I want to work in nano industry” goals that relate to that purpose. “I want to understand why they (precious metals) are so This category includes both high priced” general goals of the domain, Purpose and Goals in the role of participant: personal goals, and specific “We wanted to do it (3D printing) so bad, that we didn’t objectives for particular contexts focus on anything else.” and situations. Purpose and Goals in the role of ambassador: “really spark interest…even if it is not engineering at [university] if it is engineering in general, no matter where they go we want to give them an interest in engineering.” Table 2. (continued) Codebook Excerpt Component and Definition Example Beliefs: Statements that indicate Beliefs about engineering (student/future knowledge, beliefs, perceptions professional): and conceptions regarding the role, “it’s hard to read the description of engineering and those that concern knowledge and understand it.” knowing and those that concern “there are not many people who know what they personal knowledge that the (electrical engineers) do.” participant holds as true about the Beliefs about presenting (participant): world. (eye contact while presenting) “really does make a difference in terms of presenting style.” (for the presentation) “You have to choose something you like to do” Beliefs about the EA program (ambassador): “we are the engineering ambassadors so we’re all community.” “we all shared a common goal about wanting to help people in our professional careers” Action Possibilities: Statements Action possibilities in the role of student/professional: that indicate internal thoughts and “this year we are designing a bike for a client that has external behaviors in relation to cerebral palsy.” enacting the role. This includes “I might…go around from country to country or practices and strategies that one is wherever doctors are needed and apply it and help aware of as possibilities or people.” impossibilities as well as practices Action possibilities in the role of participant: that one has enacted. “you can use pictures and have a sentence or two” “how to make a border…how to critique someone” “I could definitely give a presentation (on the topic) because I learned a lot.” Action possibilities in the role of ambassador: “we have plans throughout this month to go to schools…” “I am going to try to get some samples” (for hands-on activity) Single Cases. After coding was complete for each role and identity component, a table was constructed for each individual participant. Columns of the table indicated roles and components of the role identity model formed the rows. Statements coded by role and component were then placed into the cells of the table to provide an organized matrix from which alignments and changes could be derived. The final row of the table contained a summary of the role and highlighted areas of alignment or tension between components. Thereafter, a synthesis statement was written. The statement mentioned all three roles and highlighted any indications of integration or tension among roles.