FromMythostoLogos Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History GeneralEditor HanvanRuler(ErasmusUniversityRotterdam) Foundedby ArjoVanderjagt EditorialBoard C.S.Celenza(JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore) M.Colish(YaleUniversity,NewHaven)–J.I.Israel(InstituteforAdvancedStudy, Princeton)–A.Koba(UniversityofTokyo)–M.Mugnai(ScuolaNormale Superiore,Pisa)–W.Otten(UniversityofChicago) volume 301 Brill’s Studies on Art, Art History, and Intellectual History GeneralEditor WalterS.Melion(EmoryUniversity) volume 40 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/bsai From Mythos to Logos AndreaPalladio,Freemasonry,andthe Triumphof Minerva By MichaelTrevorCoughlin LEIDEN | BOSTON Coverillustration:TheimageisadetailfromaceilingfrescooftheTriumphofMinervabyAlessandro Maganza,executedinaroomofthesamenameatLaRotondainVicenza.ThankyoutoCountNiccolò Valmaranaforpermissiontophotographtheceiling,andforhisassistanceinhelpingtomovetheheavy furnituresothatthepicturecouldbetaken. TheLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Coughlin,MichaelTrevor,author. Title:Frommythostologos:AndreaPalladio,Freemasonry,andthetriumphof Minerva/byMichaelTrevorCoughlin. Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,[2019]|Series:Brill'sstudiesinintellectual history,ISSN0920-8607;volume301|Series:Brill'sstudiesonart,arthistory, andintellectualhistory;volume40|Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index. Identifiers:LCCN2019007657(print)|LCCN2019015024(ebook)| ISBN9789004398962(ebook)|ISBN9789004382121(hardback:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Palladio,Andrea,1508-1580–Criticismandinterpretation.| Symbolisminarchitecture–Italy–Veneto–History–16thcentury.|Freemasonry– Italy–Veneto–History–16thcentury.|Mythology,Roman,inart.|Minerva (Romandeity)–Art.|Logos(Philosophy)|Veneto(Italy)–Intellectuallife–16th century. 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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements viii ListofFigures x Introduction 1 1 LogosandSolomon’sTemple 3 2 Methodology 9 3 HistoricalContext 16 4 Summary 18 1 MinervaandtheCosmologyofPrudenceinPalladio’sPalazzo Thiene 21 1 MinervaandtheDualityofPrudence 24 2 ThePalazzoThiene 34 3 PrudenceandPlato’sPilotoftheSoul 38 4 ChurchReformandthePoliticalProclivitiesoftheVicentine Nobility 43 5 TheQuestionofFreeWillandtheConvenienceofArt’s Ambiguity 52 6 PrudenceandMinerva’sCosmology 61 7 ThePalazzoThieneandtheOriginsofFreemasonry 69 2 DanieleBarbaro,PrudenceandTime:towardsaLogosofArchitecture attheVillaBarbaroatMaser 75 1 AstronomyandtheVillaBarbaroatMaser 80 2 DracoandPlato’sPilotoftheSoul 88 3 TheEthicsofMovementinBarbaro’sDellaeloquenza 91 4 TheAccademiadegliInfiammati:Prudence,Minerva,andthe PathwaytoGod 95 5 Prudence,MinervaandtheEthicsofTime 100 6 GnomonicsandtheLogosofSpaceandTime 105 7 Linear-PerspectiveandProblemsofCoercion 117 8 OpticosLogos 128 9 Barbaro,DürerandtheLutheranLinktoFreemasonry 134 vi contents 3 TheTemporalityofLogos:TimeandtheMachinadelMondo inPalladio’sLaRotonda 140 1 TimeandtheMachinadelMondo 149 2 Re-readingtheFrontispieceoftheQuattrolibri 153 3 Trissino’sItaliaLiberatadaiGoti 158 4 UnityandEternityintheAcademies 167 5 TheCosmologyofLogos 175 6 AncientPrecedents 180 7 LaRotonda,MinervaandDivineLogos 185 4 DuellingTricipitia:CapturingtheMultivalenceofPrudenceandTime inTitian’sAllegoryofPrudence 199 1 TheDoublingEffectinTitian’sAllegoryofPrudence 204 2 Prudence,HarmonyandtheHealthySoul 213 3 LogosandCamillo’sL’ideadelteatro 218 4 TheOntologyofPrudenceandTime 224 5 FreemasonryandtheArtofMemory:thePalazzodelTe andtheHypnerotomachiaPoliphiliasModel 230 1 TheTransmigrationoftheSoul 232 2 ThePalazzodelTeandtheArtofMemory 245 3 TheArtofMemoryintheHypnerotomachiaPoliphili 255 Conclusion 279 Appendix 299 Bibliography 300 Index 321 Preface In the winter of 2015, as I was preparing to defend my PhD dissertation, I wasstruckbysomethingoneofmycommitteemembers,SergeGuilbaut,had repeatedseveraltimesinsomeofourmeetings.Firmlybelievingthatmeaning intheartsduringtheRenaissancewasdeterminedbythepoliticalandreligious biasorambitionthatmotivatedtheartists,architectsandpatrons,hewould ask:“What’sinitforthem?”Myresearchconsideredimportantandinfluential figuresinthesixteenth-centuryVeneto—aperiodandregionseriouslyshaken bywarsandtheconflictsoftheReformation—sothequestionseemedavalid one.Ontheotherhand,theliteratureandtreatisesleftbehindbymanyofthe protagonistsofmythesiscontainedwhatseemedtomeasincereandprofound considerationnotfortheirownsubjectiveaims,butforthegoodofmankind. WasIsimplynaïve? Aftermysuccessfuldefence,Ihadmoretimetoruminateovertheproblem andIwasstruckbythemoralsimilaritybetweensomeofthemaincharacters ofmythesisandtheBrotherhoodofFreemasonry.AfamousquotebyFrancis Yateswasimbeddedinmymind: “Whereistheresuchacombinationasthisofreligioustoleration,emotional linkagewiththemedievalpast,emphasisongoodworksforothers,andimag- inativeattachmentforthereligionandsymbolismoftheEgyptians?Theonly answertothisquestionthatIcanthinkofis—inFreemasonry.” ThelinkbetweenFreemasonryandtheprotagonistsofmydissertationhad alreadyoccurredtome,andsoIdecidedtosearchforincontrovertibleconnec- tions.ThefirstlinkIdiscoveredwasbetweenFreemasonryandAndreaPalla- dio.PalladioishailedinAlbertG.Mackey’sEncyclopediaof Freemasonryand itsKindredSciences(1873)astheindividualwholaunchedspeculativeFreema- sonry.Theresultstruckmeasmorethancoincidence.AsIdelveddeeperIcame across a document written by one Abbé Lefranc in 1791, which claimed that FreemasonrybeganinPalladio’scityofVicenzain1546.Thelinknowseemed providential.SoontheMasonicsymbolismconcealedinPalladio’sarchitecture anditspaintedwallsrevealeditselfinexcitingandunexpectedways,resulting in a book that is much more compelling than I first envisioned. Gradually, I came to understand that the Brotherhood of Freemasonry emerged because of the need for change, inspired by the Reformation. Readers interested in Freemasonry and the art and architecture of the sixteenth century in Italy shouldfindsomethingofvaluehere.Mostly,Ihope,theywillappreciatehow, like Luther, those associated with the origins of Freemasonry demanded we thinkofevolvingwithourheartsandsouls,andnotourminds,sinceatitsheart Freemasonryseemstobeabouttheevolutionofkindness. Acknowledgements ThisbookbeganintheDepartmentofArtHistory,VisualArtandTheoryatthe University of British Columbia. It would not have been possible without the assistanceofthemanyfaculty,friends,andcolleagueswhohavecontributedto itintheirownway.IwouldliketothankBronwenWilson,ErinCampbell,Serge GuilbautandRhodriLiscombefortheiryearsofsupportandguidancethrough- outthisproject.Iwouldalsoliketothankthosewhocontinuallyremindedme of theimportanceof mywork.Inparticular,PieroLucchifromtheBiblioteca Correr,whosesharedinterestinarchitectureandchronometryofthesixteenth centuryinItalyallowedmetorisetounexpectedheightsduringmyyearsof researchinVenice.IamalsoindebtedtothelateDiamanteLulingBuschetti, andNicolettaPiovesanandherstaffattheVillaMaser,aswellasConteNiccolò ValmaranaandTizianaSpinelliandherstafffromLaRotonda,theBancaPop- ulareofVicenzaandGiuliaBianchiandherstaffatthePalazzoTeinMantua, fortheirkindnessandencouragement.IwouldalsoliketoacknowledgeMaur- izioMessina,LucianaBattaginandeveryoneelsefromtheBibliotecaNazionale MarcianainVenice,whoseassistanceismostappreciated.Iamalsograteful for the generous support of Naiomi Pritchard from Thames and Hudson for permissionfortheimagesfromtheHypnerotomachiaPoliphili,andJoyceFaust fromArtResourceforallherassistance. I am deeply indebted to Walter Melion and Arjan van Dijk for their sup- portandadvice,aswellasmyeditorsIvoRomeinandDieuwertjeKooij,whose patienceandencouragementwerebeyondmeasure.Iwouldalsoliketoexpress mygratitudetotwootherindividualsIhavenevermetpersonally,butwhose work inspired me throughout the writing of this book—to Alberto Pérez- Gómez for introducing me to the idea that architecture can fulfill both the needsoftheindividualaswellashumanityatlarge,andtoFrankAlboforhelp- ing me to understand that Freemasonry was created with peace, democracy andsocialchangeasitsmainobjectives. IwouldalsoliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoJaniceandMaryMcDon- aldfortheirgenerosityduringmyPhDcandidacyandbeyond,andJuliMills, Steve Graves, Dale Hicksman,Vera Algoet, and Noble Kelly for their support toward the publication of this volume—as well as Kenneth Cappie for his encouragement. My sincere thanks, as always, to my dear family for their unconditionalloveandsupport. Finally,thisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutmypartnerAndrew BruceCameron,towhomthisbookisdedicated.Hehasdonemoreformethan acknowledgements ix Icanenumeratehere,butinteachingmethatpatienceisindeedthegreatest virtueheshowedmethatthegreatestexpressionofloveisfoundwithin,ifwe takethetimetodiscoverthedivineinourselves.