THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY From BIM to VR -The design and development of BIMXplorer MIKAEL JOHANSSON Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 From BIM to VR -The design and development of BIMXplorer MIKAEL JOHANSSON ISBN 978-91-7597-449-1 © MIKAEL JOHANSSON, 2016 Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola Ny serie nr 4130 ISSN 0346-718X Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone: +46 (0)31-772 1000 Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 ii From BIM to VR - The design and development of BIMXplorer MIKAEL JOHANSSON Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Abstract The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industries are currently undergoing a change from a drawing-based form of information exchange to a model-based. Using the concept of Building Information Models (BIM), the content produced by architects and designers has evolved from traditional 2D-drawings to object-oriented 3D-models embedded with information to describe any building in detail. This, in turn, has opened up new possibilities of using real-time visualization and Virtual Reality (VR) as a tool for communication and understanding during the design process. However, as primarily created to describe a complete building in detail, many 3D dataset extracted from BIMs are too large and complex in order to be directly used as real-time visualization models. Because of this, it is still difficult to integrate VR and real-time visualizations as a commonly used tool during the design process. The recent introduction of a new generation of Head-Mounted Displays (HMD) has also made the situation even more challenging. Although these new types of VR devices offer huge potential in terms of realism, sense of scale and overall suitability for design and decision-making tasks, they are also far more demanding when it comes to real- time rendering performance. In order to address the current situation this thesis contributes with the design and evaluation of a new software application that provides a simple interface from BIM to VR. Following a design science research approach this application has been developed in order to fulfil a set of requirements that has been identified as important in order for VR and real-time visualization to become an everyday used tool for design and communication during the building design process. Along that path, three new technical solutions have been developed: • An efficient cells- and portals culling system automatically realized from BIM-data. • An efficient approach for integrating occlusion culling and hardware-accelerated geometry instancing. • An efficient single-pass stereo rendering technique. The final system – BIMXplorer – has been evaluated using several BIMs received from real- world projects. Regarding rendering performance, navigation interface and the ability to support fast design iterations, it has been shown to have all the needed properties in order to function well in practice. To some extent this can also be considered formally validated, as the system is already in active use within both industry and education. Key words: Building Information Modeling, BIM, Virtual Reality (VR), Real-time rendering, Head-mounted display (HMD). iii iv Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank the people that were with me at The Visualization Studio at Chalmers Lindholmen – the place where all of this work really started! Claes and Börje – I hope that you are enjoying your time in retirement! Special thanks go to Mattias Roupé, my friend and colleague with whom I have had very close collaboration during this entire project. We have had a lot of fun over the years and I especially value your way of always seeing the potential and opportunities instead of problems in any given situation. I would also like to thank all my other colleagues at the Construction Management department for their support, especially Mikael Viklund Tallgren and my main supervisor, the amazing Petra Bosch. Huge thanks also to my examiner Christian Koch as well as my academic writing coach, Christine Räisänen. I would also like to acknowledge my former examiner, the late Professor Per-Erik Josephson, who made it possible for me to become a PhD student in the first place. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my family and friends for their company and support, especially the three most important people in my life, Jessica, Noah and Esther – thank you for all the love and happiness you give me every day! Göteborg, August 2016 Mikael Johansson v vi Appended papers Paper I: “Efficient Real-Time Rendering of Building Information Models” Johansson, Mikael; Roupé, Mattias. In Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on computer graphics and virtual reality (CGVR09), July 13-16, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, Pages 97-103. Paper II: “Real-time visualization of Building Information Models (BIM)” Johansson, Mikael; Roupé, Mattias; Bosch-Sijtsema, Petra. Automation in Construction, Vol. 54 (2015), June 2015, Pages 69-82. Paper III: “Integrating Occlusion Culling and Hardware Instancing for Efficient Real-Time Rendering of Building Information Models” Johansson, Mikael. In GRAPP 2013: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, Barcelona, Spain, 21-24 February, 2013, Pages 197-206. Paper IV: “From BIM to VR – Integrating immersive visualizations in the current design process” Johansson, Mikael; Roupé, Mattias; Viklund Tallgren, Mikael. In Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2 (eCAADe 2014), 10-12 September, 2014, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, Pages 261-269. Paper V: “Efficient Stereoscopic Rendering of Building Information Models (BIM)” Johansson, Mikael. Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques (JCGT), Vol. 5, No. 3, 2016, Pages 1-17. vii viii Additional publications “Immersive visualisation of building information models: Usage and future possibilities during design and construction” Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael; Viklund Tallgren, Mikael; Jörnebrant, Fredrik; Tomsa, Petru Andrei. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2016), 30 March-2 April, 2016, Melbourne, Australia, Pages 673-682. “A BIM-supported framework for enhancing joint planning in construction” Viklund Tallgren, Mikael; Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael; Andersson, Roger. In Proceedings of the 32nd CIB W78 Conference 2015, October 27th-29th, 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Pages 696-705. “An empowered collaborative planning method in a Swedish construction company - A case study” Viklund Tallgren, Mikael; Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael. In Proceedings 31st Annual ARCOM Conference, Lincoln, 2015, Pages 793-802. “Interactive navigation interface for Virtual Reality using the human body” Roupé, Mattias; Bosch-Sijtsema, Petra; Johansson, Mikael. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 43, 2015, Pages 42-50. “Real-Time Rendering of large Building Information Models - Current state vs. state-of- the-art” Johansson, Mikael; Roupé, Mattias. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2012), 25-28 April, 2012, Chennai, India, Pages 647-656. “Using the human body as an interactive interface for navigation in VR models” Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2012), 25-28 April, 2012, Chennai, India, Pages 79-88. “3D-City Modeling: A Semi-automatic Framework for Integrating Different Terrain Models” Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael. Advances in Visual Computing, 7th International Symposium, ISVC 2011, September 26-28, 2011, Las Vegas, NV, USA, Pages 725-734. ix “Towards a Framework for Efficient Use of Virtual Reality in Urban Planning and Building Design” Johansson, Mikael. Thesis for licentiate degree, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2010. “How can GIS and BIM be integrated?” Johansson, Mikael; Roupé, Mattias. Poster, The 15th International Conference on Computer- Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2010), 7-10 April, 2010, Hong Kong. “Supporting 3D City Modelling, Collaboration and Maintenance through an Open-Source Revision Control System” Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2010), 7-10 April, 2010, Hong Kong, Pages 347-356. “Visual quality of the ground in 3D models: using color-coded images to blend aerial photos with tiled detail-textures” Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation and Interaction in Africa (Afrigraph 2009), February 4-6, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa, Pages 73-79. “Virtual Reality Supporting Environmental Planning Processes: A Case Study of the City Library in Gothenburg” Suneson, Kaj; Allwood, Carl Martin; Heldal, Ilona; Paulin, Dan; Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael; Westerdahl, Börje. Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 12th International Conference, KES 2008, Zagreb, Croatia, September 3-5, 2008, Pages 481-490. “Virtual Reality As a New Tool in the City Planning Process” Suneson, Kaj; Allwood, Carl Martin; Paulin, Dan; Heldal, Ilona; Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael; Westerdahl, Börje. Tsinghua Science and Technology, Vol. 13, No. S1, 2008, Pages 255-260. “User’ evaluations of a virtual reality architectural model compared with the experience of the completed building” Westerdahl, Börje; Suneson, Kaj; Wernemyr, Claes; Roupé, Mattias; Johansson, Mikael; Allwood, Carl Martin. Automation in Construction, Vol. 15, Iss. 2, 2006, Pages 150-165. x