FROM ARTEMIS TO DIANA THE GODDESS OF MAN AND BEAST 1 2 A C TA H Y P E R B O R E A 2 0 0 9 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 Layout and typesetting: Erling Lynder Cover design: Thora Fisker Set with Adobe Garamond Printed in Denmark by Special-Trykkeriet Viborg a-s ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2 ISSN 0904 2067 Danish Studies in Classical Archaeology. Acta Hyperborea, vol. 12 c/o The Saxo Institute Section of Classical Archaeology Njalsgade 80, DK-2300 Copenhagen S Collegium Hyperboreum: Tobias Fischer-Hansen, Helle Horsnæs, Marjatta Nielsen, Birte Poulsen and Annette Rathje Cover illustration: A wall tapestry from Egypt depicting Artemis. Dated to the 5th or beginning of the 6th century AD. © Abegg-Stiftung, CH-3132 Riggisberg (Photo: Hans Kobi) This book has been published with fi nancial support from E. Lerager Larsens Fond The Danish Research Council for the Humanities Konsul George Jorck og hustru Emma Jorck’s Fond Lillian og Dan Finks Fond The Aarhus University Research Foundation Published and distributed by Museum Tusculanum Press University of Copenhagen 126 Njalsgade DK-2300 Copenhagen S Tel. +0045 35329109 Fax +0045 32329113 www.mtp.dk Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] Danish Studies in Classical Archaeology ACTA HYPERBOREA 12 From Artemis to Diana The Goddess of Man and Beast Edited by Tobias Fischer-Hansen and Birte Poulsen Museum Tusculanum Press University of Copenhagen 2009 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] CONTENTS Preface ................................................ 9 Introduction ............................................ 11 I Artemis in the Near East and in Greece marie louise nosch: Approaches to Artemis in Bronze Age Greece .................................... 21 bodil hjerrild: Near Eastern Equivalents to Artemis ......... 41 minna skafte jensen: Artemis in Homer ................... 51 jørgen mejer: Artemis in Athens .......................... 61 jørgen mejer: A Note on a Dedication to Artemis in Kalydon ... 79 inge nielsen: The Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia. Can Architec- ture and Iconography Help to Locate the Settings of the Rituals? .. 83 birte lundgreen: Boys at Brauron ........................ 117 ditte zink kaasgaard falb: Das Artemis Orthia-Heiligtum in Sparta im 7. und 6. Jh.v.Chr. ............................. 127 synnøve des bouvrie: Artemis Ortheia – a Goddess of Nature or a Goddess of Culture? .................................. 153 From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2, ISSN 0904 2067, http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=202842 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] II Artemis – Regional Aspects lone wriedt sørensen: Artemis in Cyprus ................. 195 tobias fischer-hansen: Artemis in Sicily and South Italy: A Picture of Diversity ..................................... 207 marjatta nielsen and annette rathje: Artumes in Etruria – the Borrowed Goddess .................................. 261 pia guldager bilde: Quantifying Black Sea Artemis: Some Methodological Refl ections ........................... 303 luis ballesteros-pastor: Bears and Bees in Themiscyra: A Sanctuary for Artemis in the Land of the Amazons? .......... 333 III Artemis / Diana during the Late Republic, Imperial Period and Late Antiquity mette moltesen: Diana and her Followers in a Late Republican Temple Pediment from Nemi. A Preliminary Note ............. 345 jesper carlsen: Sanctuaries of Artemis and the Domitii Ahenobarbi .................................. 369 rubina raja: The Sanctuary of Artemis in Gerasa ............. 383 birte poulsen: The Sanctuaries of the Goddess of the Hunt .... 401 niels hannestad: The Last Diana ........................ 427 From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2, ISSN 0904 2067, http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=202842 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] IV The Post-Antique Artemis marjatta nielsen: Diana Efesia Multimammia: The Metamorphoses of a Pagan Goddess from the Renaissance to the Age of Neo-Classicism ....................................................... 455 Forum alexandra-fani alexandridou: Offering Trenches and Funerary Ceremonies in the Attic Countryside ........................ 497 Current Danish Archaeological Fieldwork A gazetteer of Danish Classical Archaeological Fieldwork 2002-2006 with contributions by S. Dietz; B. Loven, D. Davis, M. Møller Nielsen & M. Schaldemose; P. Pedersen; P. Guldager Bilde; S. Handberg, J. Kind- berg Jacobsen & G.P. Mittica .............................. 523 Book Reviews kim b. jessen: Rev. of Peter Attema (ed), Centralization, Early Urbaniza- tion and Colonization in First Millenium BC Italy and Greece. Part 1: Italy (BABesch Suppl. 9). Leuven-Paris-Dudley 2004 ............... 559 stine schierup: Rev. of S.L. Solovyov, Ancient Berezan.The Architecture, History and Culture of the First Greek Colony in the Northern Black Sea. Brill 1999 ............................................. 567 Indices Index of sources ......................................... 573 Index of names ......................................... 578 Index of sites ........................................... 582 From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2, ISSN 0904 2067, http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=202842 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] BEARS AND BEES IN THEMISCYRA A SANCTUARY FOR ARTEMIS IN THE LAND OF THE AMAZONS? luis ballesteros-pastor Since ancient times, Themiscyra was considered the site of the Amazons par excellence. To this place on the Black Sea, next to the mouth of the mighty Thermodon, Heracles went to obtain the belt of Hippolyte. The- seus also travelled there, either alone or with Heracles. The Argonauts also passed by Themiscyra on their journey to Colchis.1 The memory of the Amazons’ homeland remained powerful, and when the Roman armies reached there, their generals strove to profi t from the propagandistic effect which represented them as conquerors of these legendary warrior-women, thus emulating Heracles and Alexander the Great.2 But, for lack of exca- vations, Themiscyra’s links with the Amazons seem to remain solely in the realm of myth, without any traces which record that this legendary kingdom had its centre in this little village situated in a region considered for centuries to be at the edge of the world. A village which, however, was insistently sung about by poets and recorded by historians. In this paper we will try to demonstrate that in Themiscyra there may have existed a sanctuary to the goddess Artemis, who is repeatedly linked to the world of the Amazons.3 Our deduction is based on an aspect that seems marginal in Appian’s account of the siege of this place by L. Licinius Lu- cullus. Appian relates that the inhabitants of the town introduced bears and swarms of bees inside the tunnels dug by the Romans under the wall.4 At fi rst sight, it could be considered only a stratagem which would refl ect the fi erceness of the fi ght. But the question is, why bears and bees? On one hand, the bear was an animal that could be found in the Greek forests as well as in those of Anatolia; on the other hand, the bees of Themiscyra were famous for their honey.5 But we might also propose another interpre- tation: the bears and the bees were both animals linked to the worship of Artemis. The bee, symbol of chastity and of domestic work, was also the 333 From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2, ISSN 0904 2067, http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=202842 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] luis ballesteros-pastor animal representation of the inversion of roles that the Amazon’s world represented within the human world.6 The bee was in particular related to the Ephesian Artemis, whose sanctuary, so the legend recounts, was founded by the Amazons.7 Furthermore, the bee was present in the Athen- ian rituals of the Thesmophoria, devoted to Demeter, in which the women bore the ritual name of Melissai, and took the appearance of Amazons.8 The bear is an animal which is closely linked to Artemis. The maid- en Atalanta was, under the protection of Artemis, suckled by a she-bear, when she was abandoned by her father at Mount Partenius. Iphigenia was, according to certain traditions, transformed into or replaced by a she-bear. The bear is also related to the myth of Callisto, who was changed into a she-bear as a punishment imposed by Artemis.9 Although the connection between this goddess and the bears was present in several Greek sanc- tuaries, in particular from the Peloponnese, the best attested example is undoubtedly the festival of the Arkteia which was celebrated in the sanctu- ary of Brauron. There the Athenian girls appeared disguised as she-bears, part of a rite de passage into womanhood.10 The relation between Artemis Brauronia and the Black Sea was well known. As the legend says, Iphigenia returned from the savage lands of the Taurians to the sanctuary of Brauron.11 There she would have placed the image of the goddess to whom she had been priestess. But the relation between bears and the worship of Artemis is also attested in Anatolia: the city of Cyzicus was located on a peninsula called “Of the Bears” (Arkton- nesos), on which were Mount Arktouros, and Mount Dindymus which was sacred to Artemis.12 We must also remember the connection between the worship of Artemis and the autochthonous cults of the Mother of the Gods: in the Pontic Kingdom, the goddess Mâ was identifi ed with Artemis.13 The Romans related Mâ to Bellona, and linked her with the Moon as well.14 In this same sense, Hecate was related to Artemis, and was worshipped at the mouth of the Halys.15 The Amazons have been considered priestesses of a moon goddess, and represented with shields like a crescent moon. But we must also remember that Artemis, as goddess of the waters and bearer of light, was regarded as protectress of navigation, and was also closely linked to the world of Greek colonization.16 In the Black Sea, apart from the afore- mentioned examples, one could say that the places where Artemis was wor- shipped draw an almost continuous line along the coast in the region of Greek settlements.17 334 From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2, ISSN 0904 2067, http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=202842 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] bears and bees in themiscyra The links between the Amazons of Themiscyra and the worship of Artemis are refl ected in the works of several ancient authors. The most clear and illustrative accounts are those of Diodorus Siculus and Pompeius Trogus. Diodorus18 tells us that the fi rst queen of the Amazons stood out among her fellows for her strength and for her qualities as leader. This queen may have founded the “great city” of Themiscyra, where she built a famous palace. She also conquered the neighbouring territories up to the Tanais River, and died fi ghting bravely. Her daughter devoted herself to emulating her mother, and, besides the sacrifi ces to Ares, performed others in honour of the Taurian Artemis. This second queen led important con- quests from Thracia to Syria. Several generations later, Hippolyte was defeated by Heracles. “A few years after” this episode, Penthesilea fought in the Trojan War and was killed at the hands of Achilles. She was the last important Amazon queen. With her death, the strength of the Amazons diminished. The account of Trogus (abbreviated by Justin)19 clarifi es on one hand the former passage in Diodorus, but on the other makes it more compli- cated. According to this version, the fi rst Amazons were the wives of a group of Scythians that, once expelled from their homeland by a faction of the nobility, installed themselves at the Thermodon. The death of the husbands in the war compelled the wives to take power in order to defend themselves from the neighbouring tribes. Just as with the Scythian princes who had led the exiles, there were two queens: Martesia and Lampeto, who made war alternately, and proclaimed themselves daughters of Mars. In the reign of Antiope and Orithya, Heracles kidnapped Melanippe, and The- seus, Hippolyte, sisters of those queens. Orithya, who was fi ghting abroad, convinced the Scythians to wage war against the Greeks, and this coali- tion was defeated by the Athenians. After Orithya, Penthesilea came to the throne. The Amazons that remained after the Trojan War subsisted with great diffi culties, and survived until the time of Alexander, when Talestris united with him in order to conceive a child. After Talestris’ death, the race of Amazons disappeared. From these accounts, we can deduce that the link between the Amazons of Themiscyra and Artemis is clear enough. But the establishment of the worship of this goddess does not seem to have been an original charac- teristic of the Amazons, which in a fi rst stage were only linked to Ares, as warrior-women.20 This relation to Ares is a very common attribute in 335 From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2, ISSN 0904 2067, http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=202842 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen - www.mtp.dk - [email protected] luis ballesteros-pastor the ancient ethnography when speaking about warlike peoples. We might think, for example, of the Scythians, to whose race it was said that the Amazons belonged.21 In this sense, we must take into account that Trogus speaks about two queens who are sisters, as Castor and Pollux were broth- ers, and clearly related to the Spartan realm.22 In fact, in the education of the Spartan women, we can fi nd evident echoes of the Amazonic world.23 The arrival of the worship of Artemis at Themiscyra would be repre- sented by the myths in the second generation of Amazons, when Orithya (whom we could identify with the second queen cited by Diodorus) would have worshipped this goddess along with Ares, and would have trained her fellows in hunting and furthermore strictly preserved her virginity. In both accounts, Orithya belongs to the same time period as the arrival of The- seus and Heracles, and it is she who leads the attack against Athens. This may induce us to connect the worship of Artemis in Themiscyra with the arrival of Greek colonists, perhaps adapting local cults, which, as we have seen, may have been very widespread in Anatolia. In fact, Heracles appears repeatedly as a hero who civilizes the countries that he visits.24 This is also consistent with the image of Artemis as civilizer of the Taurians in some versions of Iphigenia’s legend.25 Likewise the archaeological evidence shows us that the relation to Artemis was not an original aspect of the Greek view of the Amazonic world, because this link was not generally disseminated until the last years of the 6th century BC.26 Most of the ancient writ- ers recognized that in their own times the Amazons of Themiscyra had been wiped out.27 In fact, none of the extant accounts of the wars between Rome and Pontus records any presence of Amazons in this town. This region of the Pontic coast was already part of the known world, and would have belonged to the chora of Amisos.28 Several works from the fi rst cen- tury BC., such as that of Theophanes of Mytilene on Pompey’s campaign, might place the Amazons in Albanian territory, a remote and unknown region, that seemed a likely setting for mythical encounters.29 That “palace” of the Amazons cited by Diodorus must have actually been a sanctuary of Artemis. Its location, near the sea (but not directly on the shore) and near a source of potable water, would have been similar to other sanctuaries of this goddess.30 The use of living bears in the The- miscyrians’ fi ght against Lucullus may indicate that they were preparing some kind of sacrifi ce to the divinity who protected this place. As J.-P. Ver- nant affi rmed, Artemis is the goddess invoked in those moments in which 336 From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast © Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009 ISBN 978 87 635 0788 2, ISSN 0904 2067, http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=202842