Cover Creation of Adam Fresco on the Sistine Chapel ceiling Painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475-1564 Vatican Museums Published by Redmond Books [email protected] Printed by Ave Maria Press, Toronto ISBN # 978-0-9869602-1-5 Copyright @ 2011 Patrick M. Redmond, PhD 2011 2nd edition 2012 May God make safe to you each step, May God make open to you each pass, May God make clear to you each road, And may He take you in the clasp of His own two hands. from Carmina Gadelica (Vol. III, p. 203) 1 Appreciation I want to thank IBM and the National Geographic Society for initiating the Genographic Project, which has helped many thousands of people trace their origins back to our first parents. For many like me, it has been an enlightening and rewarding experience. I would also thank the many geneticists, such as Patricia Balaresque, Robert Carter, Lounes Chikhi and Glenn Allen Nolan, who have used DNA analysis to provide accurate pictures of these origins. Also appreciated is the work of great libraries and museums, which have preserved the records of human society from its very beginnings. Of particular note are CELT, the Corpus of Electronic Texts, Ireland’s Humanities Computing project, which provides so many ancient documents, the Penelope.uchicago website of the University of Chicago with its many Roman and other manuscripts, The Internet Archive, which is building a digital library of internet sites and other cultural artifacts and from which many valuable manuscripts of early European history can be downloaded, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Also appreciated is the research done by groups committed to understanding human origins from a faith perspective, such as the Creation Research Society, the Institute for Creation Research and the Center for Scientific Creation. Some individuals, in particular Werner Gitt, Ian Taylor, Bill Cooper, Walt Brown, John Ashton, John Wynne and Jonathan Gray, deserve mention for their invaluable studies on our origins. Finally, I want to thank Joan, my wife, for her steady encouragement, her interest in the data uncovered and her acceptance of my preoccupation with this work. 2 Dedication This work is dedicated to Joan for her constant help and support. 3 Table of Contents Introduction to the Second Edition 5 Chapter 1 the Case for a Recent History in the Near East 10 Chapter 2 from Adam to the Flood 51 Chapter 3 from the Flood to the Dispersion 86 Chapter 4 Emergence of Scythians and Others in Asia 136 Chapter 5 the Expansion throughout Europe 187 Chapter 6 Settlement of Britain and Ireland 215 Chapter 7 the Roman Empire and the Celtic World 245 Chapter 8 the Celts Become Christians 256 Chapter 9 the Norman Invasions 274 Chapter 10 Ireland to 1920 286 Chapter 11 Emigration around the World 308 Appendix 1 320 Appendix 2 322 Footnotes 323 Bibliography 352 4 Introduction to Second Edition In 2005, IBM and the National Geographic Society initiated a study, called the Genographic project, to chart new knowledge about the migratory history of the human species, by using sophisticated laboratory and computer analysis of DNA contributed by hundreds of thousands of people from around the world. (1) One of two tests was offered. Men could select an analysis of the Y-chromosome, which is found only in males. The National Geographic website explains why the Y-chromosome was analyzed. (2) The human body is made of some 50 to 100 trillion cells. Most cells have a similar basic structure. An outer layer called the cell membrane and a nucleus that controls the cell and houses the genetic material in structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes carry hereditary genetic information in long strings of DNA called genes. Each human cell has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs - 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes and a single set of sex chromosomes xx in women and xy in men. Why focus on the Y chromosome? The Y-chromosome is passed on intact through the male line, changed only by random mutational events. It is thus used to trace genetic lineages far back in time. Spencer Wells, the director of the Genographic Project, in his book Deep Ancestry adds: “Some regions of shuffled chromosomes maintain themselves for many generations before they are broken up. These are called haplotype blocks. People who share markers have a common ancestor. (3) The second test, which men and women could select, was an analysis of the mtDNA. Once again, Wells explains: “The mtDNA is actually a piece of DNA that falls outside of the nucleus where the genome proper (like the chromosomes, such as the Y) is found. The mtDNA is found inside a structure known as a mitochondrion, which 5 lives out in the cytoplasm (or main body) of the cell. The mitochondrion has its own membrane and DNA. (4) Your results will reveal your deep ancestry along a single line of descent (paternal or maternal) and show the migration paths ancestors followed over time. Your results also place you on a particular branch of the human family tree. I took the Y-chromosome test for men. The analysis of my DNA showed that I belonged to Y- chromosome Haplogroup R1b, M343 (subclade R1b1b2, M269). (5) This haplogroup, R1b, M343 (subclade R1b1b2, M269), is very common in parts of Spain and Ireland, where more than 90% of men belong to it. Therefore, whether you are a Redmond, Hennessey, Walsh, McGuire, Corbett, O’Leary, Kinsley, Murphy, O’Grady, Currie, Collins or Ross or any other Irish family, this history applies to you, with rare exceptions. Initial Thoughts on Analysis The results of the DNA analysis were intriguing. They showed clearly the dispersion of modern humans from the Near East throughout the entire world. Indeed, the DNA analysis suggested that humans had their origin in the Near East, even though the National Geographic Society, which interpreted the DNA analysis provided by IBM, claimed human origins were in Eastern Africa. Also, given the DNA analysis of modern man and predecessors, as well as of the pattern of dispersion of modern man, the claims for evolution of man from earlier species, leading back to a common ancestor with the monkey, seemed dubious at best. These initial conclusions on the DNA analysis were reinforced by comments made by others who have written about DNA analysis and its impact. For example, I.L. Cohen, researcher and mathematician, member of the New 6 York Academy of Science and officer of the Archaeological Institute of America, wrote: “At that moment, when the DNA/RNA system became understood, the debate between Evolutionists and Creationists should have come to a screeching halt.” (6) Francis S. Collins, who led the Human Genome project, said that creation has become intelligible to us through science. He said with joyful astonishment: “The language of God was revealed” (7) The more one studied the data, the more it suggested a suddenly emerging and rapidly spreading modern man, not a man slowly evolving from a distant and little known past. Moreover, it became ever clearer that this suddenly emerging man was created and did not evolve. Prior to joining IBM I had taught history and archaeology at university. So I understood the arguments for evolution. Yet now, when analyzing my DNA and confirming my origins it became obvious that evolution did not provide a believable explanation of my origins. Attempts at it, in the data sent to me, were very unconvincing, as we shall show. Indeed, in the end one must accept that evolution (variations include naturalism, theistic evolution, Darwinian evolution, neo-Darwinian evolution, punctuated equilibrium, biochemical evolution, molecular phylogeny, cladistics, cataclysmic evolution, directed panspermia or creation by aliens and DNA mutations) and creation by God (also called Creationism, a variation is Intelligent Design) are two distinct philosophical systems of belief. Individuals follow one or the other. Can either be proven? Some say not through science alone. As Jeremy Walter writes: “Scientific evidence can be compiled to support one model of earth history as compared to another, but such work amounts to a feasibility study, not proof. 7 Science is the human enterprise of seeking to describe accurately and quantitatively the nature and processes of our universe through observation, hypothesis, and experimental validation… We have no human record of observed events from great antiquity, but rather interpretations of recent observations of present realities.” (8) Karl Popper referred to Darwinism as “a metaphysical research program” because it is not a testable scientific theory. (9) Velikovsky called it a faith. When commenting on the theory of uniformity promoted by Charles Lyall, and on which Darwin built his theory of evolution, he writes: “The scientific principle which insists that whatever does not occur at the present time has not occurred in the past is a self-imposed limitation. Rather than a principle in science, it is a statute of faith. And Lyall ended his famous chapter accordingly, with an appeal to faith and with a precept for believers; ‘If he (the student) finally believes in the resemblance or identity of the ancient and present systems of territorial changes, he will regard every fact collected respecting the causes in diurnal action as affording him a key to the interpretation of some mystery of the past’.” (10) Those who follow evolution then, propose and accept an ever changing series of interpretations, or hypotheses, all of which to date have been shown to be inadequate or proven wrong. (11) On the other hand, those who prefer the philosophical interpretation which states that man was created by God, do claim a record of observed events – the Bible. They use this record to guide them in their study of origins. Indeed, the Catholic Church accepted this record for nineteen centuries before entertaining doubts due to the influence of those promoting theistic evolution and other theories. We shall look at both philosophical interpretations in Chapter 1 and show how the evidence is considerably stronger for creation by God than it is for evolution. We shall then show how a variety of other sources, including genealogical studies, historical manuscripts, recent written 8 works and, finally, various religious sources, reinforce and support this interpretation of the DNA analysis much better than the brief summary provided to me by the National Geographic Society in interpretation of the DNA information provided on my deep ancestry. The information provided by the above-mentioned sources is combined with that offered by the DNA analysis to trace the history of our haplogroup in chapters 2 onwards. It is hoped, the study will provide a good explanation of the origins of modern man through one of his ancestral lines, that of our haplogroup. 9 Chapter 1 The Case for a Recent History in the Near East Adam and Eve in the Near East Adam and Eve were our ancestors. The following chart, sent to me by the National Geographic Society, with the details of my Y-chromosome analysis, shows the path our ancestors took from Adam to today. The numbers that are shown on the route noted in the chart are the Y-chromosome markers that trace my DNA back to Adam. As can be seen, there are seven markers in my DNA between Adam and me. These seven, from the oldest to the most recent, are M168, M89, M9, M45, M207, M173 and M343. We shall now discuss these markers and the history that is connected with them. 10