Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Articles Department of Cinema and Photography Summer 2001 A Very Notorious Ranch, Indeed: Fritz Lang, Allegory, and the Holocaust Walter C. Metz Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at:http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cp_articles Recommended Citation Metz, Walter C. "A Very Notorious Ranch, Indeed: Fritz Lang, Allegory, and the Holocaust."The Journal of Contemporary Thought13 (Summer 2001): 71-86. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Cinema and Photography at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please [email protected]. A Very Notorious Ranch, Indeed: Fritz Lang, Allegory, and the Holocaust By Walter Metz Published in: Journal of Contemporary Thought. Vol. 13 [Summer 2001]. 71-86. Introduction In a recent review of the Stephen Spielberg blockbuster, Jurassic Park: The Lost World (1997), critic Stuart Klawans of The Nation presents the film as an allegory for the Holocaust.i Feigning to merely be repeating the interpretation of his “spiritual adviser,” Rabbi Simcha Fefferman, Klawans argues that the film continues the story of Schindler’s List (Stephen Spielberg, 1993) as much as it does Jurassic Park (Stephen Spielberg, 1993). Engaging in a bravura reading, Klawans argues, for instance, that the dinosaurs represented are stand-ins for the Jews, and that those who hunt them down are coded as Nazis: “There is a remaining Nazi camp, filled with those relics of history (as they have been called), those dinosaurs, the Jews.”ii The complexity of the review lies in the impossibility of finally determining whether Klawans intends to: a) critique allegorical readings which diminish the importance of the Holocaust as a historical phenomenon, b) deride Spielberg’s profiting off of the Holocaust via Schindler’s List and off of seemingly apolitical mass-produced entertainment via The Lost World, or c) critically illuminate the potential of intelligent readings of even the most seemingly innocuous of cultural texts, or d) all of the above. Regardless of his intentions, Klawans has added, in Tony Bennett’s terms, an “encrustation” around the text of The Lost World; namely, that the film speaks to the meanings of the Holocaust in contemporary America.iii Most importantly for my purposes, this incrustation involves one particular construction of the meaning of the Holocaust in America: the way in which the Holocaust, though largely ignored in the representational practices of Hollywood cinema, returns to roost in the middle of the American experience. Klawans’ analysis culminates with an 1 observation about the ending of The Lost World, read through the allegorical framework: “The Nazis import the concentration camp to America!”iv Given the history of American inaction regarding the Holocaust, both past and present, this development seems particularly relevant for understanding the specifics of the American intersection with the Holocaust. The Lost World has interest for Klawans insofar as it speaks to the 1990s American (in)experience with the Holocaust. This chapter draws upon Klawans’ allegorical method to illuminate Rancho Notorious (Fritz Lang, 1952) in light of the early 1950s American response to the Holocaust. I interrogate the aspects of Lang’s film that “cross-check”v with the American experience of the Holocaust as it has was documented in mass-media periodicals of the immediate post-war era (1945-1953). Since Rancho Notorious is set in the American West in the nineteenth- century, I allegorically produce the film as a historical precedent for The Lost World’s transplantation of the Holocaust to America, forcing the Holocaust into the heart of the American experience. On Benjaminian Allegory and Criticism of the Films of Fritz Lang It may seem a bit odd to reactivate allegory at this point in the history of criticism. After all, is not allegory that much despised framework which maps symbolic elements onto the plane of history in a reductionist way? Is not allegory that which Jorge Luis Borges calls “intolerable... stupid and frivolous?”vi In addition, many of the major works of cultural history provide critiques of allegory. For example, Fredric Jameson’s The Political Unconscious is a rigorous warning against the dangers of reductionism implicit in allegorical criticism. Invoking Althusser’s critique of “expressive 2 causality,” Jameson cautions against constructing a Avast interpretive allegory in which a sequence of historical events or texts and artifacts is rewritten in terms of some deeper, underlying, and more ‘fundamental’ narrative, of a hidden master narrative which is the allegorical key.”vii While I would certainly reject the notion that the ultimate “key” to Rancho Notorious is the Holocaust, this historical event does illuminate the film and early 1950s American culture in meaningful ways. In producing this allegorical reading of Rancho Notorious, I do not wish to suggest that this is the only, or even best, meaning of the film. It certainly is not the meaning that viewers of the period would have bestowed upon the film, as determined by a historical reception approach: None of the mass-media reviewers connected the film to the Holocaust.viii Nor is my interpretive scheme in keeping with the trajectory of academic Lang criticism as it has developed over the past thirty years. Most Lang critics accept as axiomatic that Lang’s films are about violence, but then stop without historicizing the concept. For example, Robin Wood’s extensive essay on Rancho Notorious defines Lang’s obsession with violence and revenge, but also declares that the film “has little or nothing to do with history’.”ix My allegorical approach offers an alternative possibility: that the film is about nothing if not history. Most people I encounter who have seen the film are perplexed by it, and Lang criticism offers little to resolve this confusion. The question that remains, after pondering the criticism, which emphasizes Lang’s obsession with violence, is, why such a minimalist film, about a man seeking revenge for his wife’s murder, is presented using a baroque style which seems grossly out of proportion with its subject matter of an individual act of violence. My project offers one framework, an historicist one, for explaining the motivation of the violence in this film. If Axel Madsen is correct in asserting that “For Lang, the twentieth-century is more Dachau and 3 Hiroshima than Einstein,” Rancho Notorious as a Holocaust allegory offers significant historical insight not otherwise illuminated by Lang critics.x As it was re-defined by Walter Benjamin in The Origin of German Tragic Drama, a study of German baroque drama, allegory serves as a critical method to describe how a text might signify within a cultural space characterized by historical trauma.xi In Exiled Waters: Moby-Dick and the Crisis of Allegory, literary critic Bainard Cowan provides an application of Benjaminian allegory to Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick: “I see the term allegory as applicable to Moby-Dick not as a word designating a set of literary conventions, nor as an honorific title meaning that the work is profound, but as a mode of discourse employed in past Western literate societies to come to terms with a crisis in the imagining of the relation between the timely and the timeless.”xii Cowan continues by seeing “Benjamin’s re-formulation of allegory as especially suited to express the historical experience of loss and decay.”xiii In “The Will to Allegory in Postmodernism,” Paul Smith argues that Benjaminian allegory “emerges from an introverted contemplation of a melancholic and mournful nature, . . . bemoans a loss and tries to redeem that loss by embracing the dead objects of the natural world, . . . [and] veers toward the bombastic, preferring the spoken over the written word.”xiv These features of Benjaminian allegory describe the engagement that Rancho Notorious makes with the cultural and political context of the Holocaust as it was understood in early 1950s America. My allegorical approach to the films of Fritz Lang is not without precedent in Lang criticism. Two critics stand out as forging this mode of criticism with respect to Lang. First, Catherine Russell uses Benjaminian allegory to analyze Lang’s last American film, Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956). Russell argues that over the course of the fifteen years after World War 4 II, culminating in the New Wave movements, cinema became saturated in narrative mortality, “the discourse of death in narrative film.”xv Russell sees the trauma of World War II as having produced the historical conditions which led to narrative mortality: “The isomorphism of life and narrative in the bildungsroman tradition collapses history into identity. In an era of atomic weapons, multinational capitalism and sociocultural heterogeneity neither ‘identity’ nor history can be so neatly parceled out.”xvi Russell also argues that narrative mortality, as represented in the late American films of Fritz Lang and the New Wave movements, may signify an allegorical solution to such devastating historical traumas: “Narrative mortality may in fact be an imaginary solution to the ‘contagion of violence’ that characterizes postwar history. While the image of apocalypse approximates the instantaneity of death as an allegory of discovery, it is also an allegory of necessity.”xvii Russell applies this theory of narrative mortality as a cinematic working through of historical traumas to Lang’s Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956). In this film, Tom Garrett (played by Dana Andrews) agrees to allow his friend, Austin Spencer, to frame him for murder in order to demonstrate the flaws of capital punishment. As Tom and Austin carry out their plan, Tom is arrested and tried for the murder. However, Austin dies in a car crash just as he is about to come forward with the evidence that will clear Tom! Shortly before the execution, Tom’s girlfriend, Susan, discovers evidence that clears Tom of any wrongdoing. However, while celebrating with Susan, Tom accidentally mis-speaks, proving to her that he really did commit the murder, and that the scheme with Austin was all a ruse to avoid being executed. Susan again rushes to the prison, this time to keep the governor from signing Tom’s pardon. The film ends with Tom scheduled to be executed. 5 Russell connects the film to the Rosenberg executions of 1953: “If it was un-American’ to disagree with the verdict reached in the Rosenberg trail in 1953, and if Beyond a Reasonable Doubt is read as a deconstruction of symbolic power structures that depend on exclusion, then the film’s uncanniness can also be traced to the historical traumas of the period.”xviii The film quite literally mortifies the image, both via Dana Andrews’ grotesquely rigid acting and through its ludicrous plot turns. The final plot twist--the revelation that the hero really is the murderer, after we have invested all our energy into hoping for the truth to be exposed thus proving his innocence-- literally stops the narrative dead in its tracks. If the Rosenberg executions are the traumas which allegorize Beyond a Reasonable Doubt, the Holocaust is that trauma which allegorizes Rancho Notorious. Tom Conley is the second critic to use allegorical criticism to interpret the cinema of Fritz Lang. In Film Hieroglyphics, Conley connects Scarlet Street (1945) to the horrors of the Holocaust. Using a Derridean-based method he labels Ahieroglyphic criticism,” which is based on analyzing what he calls the written “rebus” within the film image, Conley studies an early scene in which the protagonist, Chris Cross, stands under a sign in Greenwich Village which reads “JEWELRY.” Conley argues: Jewelry allows other inflections to bear upon the protagonist, to mark and endow him with traits running in directions other than the narrative. JEW(EL)RY: thus the word that is a mannequin enclosing another term, the El, to be heard during the first primal scene, is first anticipated in the center of JewELry. If it is subtracted from the word, the remainder is Jewry, which brings forth the phantasm of genocide at the moment of the liberation of the concentration camps in 1945, a time synchronous with the production of the film. Jewry will be what is redeemed (in the pawnshop) through the passage of Christopher Cross. EL subtends the sign of the Hell of the unimaginable dimensions of the camps.xix Although Rancho Notorious also uses jewelry as a figure for the Holocaust, I believe the film 6 engages with that historical trauma in even more direct ways than Scarlett Street. Rancho Notorious as Holocaust Allegory Rancho Notorious begins as the girlfriend of the central protagonist, Vern Haskell, is raped and murdered by Kinch, an outlaw who lives at the mysterious Chuck-a-Luck ranch. Vern spends the entire film tracking down Kinch, infiltrating the ranch, and exacting his revenge. My allegorical view of Rancho Notorious as a text pertinent to the American experience of the Holocaust is built upon a scene late in the film. Once Vern identifies Kinch as the murderer, he confronts the Chuck- a-Luck’s boss, Altar Keene (played by Marlene Dietrich). Furious with her complicity in her ranch hands’ evil acts, Vern forces Altar to look around and contemplate the destruction to which she has been a party: [My raped and murdered wife] is right there on the floor, right in front of you. And she’s got blue, blue eyes. Do you feel them staring at you? You see the blood on the floor? Do you hear her screaming?. . . . [Kinch, the rapist and murderer,] coulda been anybody who came to Chuck-a-Luck to hide behind your skirts. . . . What do you see in there: a bedroom or a morgue? Look over here, through that window. What’s that: a courtyard or a graveyard? In the scene, Vern, the American, directly confronts Altar, the German, with an expose of the atrocities that Chuck-a-Luck as concentration camp hides. The odd fact that Altar is played by a seemingly anachronistic German exile, Marlene Dietrich, begins to makes sense given the allegorical frame. Vern forces Altar--the leader of the ranch yet one who is purportedly innocent about where the wealth was coming from--to face up to her complicity in mass murder. Vern begins his confrontation with specifics about his wife’s death, but quickly moves toward the large scale destruction which has occurred at the ranch. Vern forces Altar to see that these seemingly innocuous spaces of the ranch’s living areas are in fact places of brutality and murder. Altar personifies those German citizens who purported to not be aware of what was going on in their 7 own backyards. Vern’s confrontation with Altar replays any number of published press accounts of American reporters interviewing Germans who lived near the concentration camps. For example, in AAre Germans Human?,” published in the July 1945 issue of Woman’s Home Companion, Patricia Lochridge offers an encounter with the German citizens of Dachau. Lochridge interviews one German woman who says: AGermany must be ashamed. But Germans weren’t involved. Der Fuhrer couldn’t have known about it. He wouldn’t have permitted such a thing.”xx This story of ignorance of a camp not half a mile from a person’s home becomes nauseatingly repetitious as one sorts through the accounts of the camps published in the American press during the immediate post-war years. In contrast with the American journalists’ typical silence when confronted by the Germans’ lack of awareness, Vern’s verbal attack on Altar refuses to let her get away with such feigned ignorance. The gendered nature of this attribution to the central female protagonist of Rancho Notorious is a bit odd, given the masculinist nature of Naziism. Instead of producing a male German villain, the allegorical structure produces the figure of Woman as the perpetrator of atrocity, leaving her male colleague Frenchy as mere collaborator, and Vern as the hapless victim. A potential answer as to why Rancho Notorious allegorizes gender in this way lies in how my reading of the film reconfigures its generic position. Most Lang critics use the film’s characters and setting to describe it as a Western. For example, Robert Armour positions Rancho Notorious not by its chronological place in the Lang oeuvre, but alongside the other Lang Westerns: The Return of Frank James (1940) and Western Union (1941).xxi By focusing on the arrested love affair between Vern and Altar, a relationship 8 stopped dead in its tracks by the revelation of past atrocity, my approach suggests the film is dominated by what we might call the melodramatics of history. Lang critics that focus on melodrama in his films usually do so to disparage them. For example, in his article, AFritz Lang: Only Melodrama,” Don Willis argues that Lang’s films are only Ashallowly fascinated by crime and violence and psychopathology” and that there is little to them beyond their tawdry melodrama.xxii New approaches to melodrama, of course, suggest that within the Hollywood apparatus, melodrama may be the textual practice which most activates the potential for cultural critique. In particular, Laura Mulvey argues that melodrama can be the carrier of historical experience, especially when that experience is otherwise representationally prohibited. In “‘It will be a magnificent obsession’: The Melodrama’s Role in the Development of Contemporary Film Theory,” Mulvey argues that melodrama Asymptomizes the history of its own time.”xxiii For example, she finds the historical inscription in Magnificent Obsession (Douglas Sirk, 1954) by reading the Jane Wyman character’s flight to Switzerland as a return to a soothing Europe untouched by the ravages of World War II. My allegorical reading of Rancho Notorious as historical melodrama follows Mulvey’s approach by investigating the way in which Altar Keene stands as a figure for German atrocities, now come home to roost in the middle of the American experience. My invocation of the figure of Woman as a symbol of Nazism hiding in America is not without precedent in my research, both in terms of theoretical and historical approaches. At the theoretical level, Angelika Rauch’s essay “The Trauerspiel of the Prostituted Body, Or Woman as Allegory of Modernity” explores the way Benjamin’s theory of allegory is manifested in the 9